https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/FGM Academic Repository Articles RSS feedenSun, 05 Apr 2026 10:17:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-law-and-fgc-indonesia/Fri, 21 Nov 2025 21:12:43 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-law-and-fgc-indonesia/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/integration-of-fgmc-within-healthcare-services-in-the-horn-of-africa/Report of a knowledge sharing dialogue hosted on October 9, 2025, bringing together over 30 practitioners, academics, researchers, and activists from across the Horn of Africa and the diaspora to share knowledge, experience, and evidence on what works to integrate FGM/C within healthcare services in the region. Prior to the dialogue, a light-touch review of published evidence was conducted to support learning and evidence uptake.THOMSON ShannonWed, 29 Oct 2025 17:30:57 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/integration-of-fgmc-within-healthcare-services-in-the-horn-of-africa/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/addressing-fgmc-in-indonesia-and-malaysia/Current estimates indicate that Asia accounts for at least 35% of the global FGC burden, affecting approximately 80 million women and girls.  Female family members play a key role in the perpetuation of FGC, which is most commonly performed within the first year after birth in both Indonesia and Malaysia. FGC in both Indonesia and Malaysia exists within a complex cultural framework where intergenerational practices, ancestral connections and life cycle rituals intersect. Legal protections against FGC remain inadequate. Female Genital Cutting (FGC) is highly medicalised in both Indonesia and Malaysia.MORIN AnneThu, 09 Oct 2025 12:35:31 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/addressing-fgmc-in-indonesia-and-malaysia/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-malaysia-country-profile/FGM/C remains widespread in Malaysia, with a national prevalence of at least 53%, affecting over 7.5 million women and girls. Among Malay Muslims, prevalence is estimated at 93%. The practice is typically performed on infants between seven to 14 days after birth, though it can occur up to 12 months of age. Malaysia lacks a cohesive national policy or legal framework addressing FGM/C.MORIN AnneThu, 09 Oct 2025 12:31:19 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-malaysia-country-profile/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-indonesia-country-profile/FGM/C remains widespread in Indonesia, with a national prevalence of 46.3% among women aged 15–49 as of 2024, affecting approximately 70 million women and girls of all age cohorts (from infants to older women) and 34.3 million women and girls aged 15-49.  The most common forms are Type 1 (partial or total removal of the clitoris gland and/or clitoral hood), accounting for 19%, and Type 4 FGM/C (pricking, piercing, incising, scraping, cauterisation), accounting for 18% of cases, when symbolic acts are excluded.  Between 2021 and 2024, the prevalence of FGM/C declined in both rural and urban areas, with the most significant reduction observed in rural regions.MORIN AnneThu, 09 Oct 2025 12:26:15 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-indonesia-country-profile/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/data-update-fgmc-in-tanzania/THOMSON ShannonWed, 23 Jul 2025 07:13:14 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/data-update-fgmc-in-tanzania/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/data-update-fgmc-in-the-gambia/The prevalence of FGM/C in The Gambia has reduced slightly from 74.9% of women aged 15–49 in 2013 to 72.6% of the same cohort in 2019/20. There have been more substantial changes in specific regions, namely Mansankonko, Kerewan and Janjanbureh. There has also been a decrease in support for FGM/C. 65% of women aged 15–49 thought that FGM/C should continue in 2013, but in 2019/20, that figure reduced to 45.7%. Since 2023, important action has been taken on the ban of FGM/C in the country. Although the law was passed in 2015, the first convictions under the law occurred in 2023, which led to polarised views on the ban and, eventually, a bill presented in Parliament to repeal it. The bill was passed in March 2024, but later struck down and dismissed. The law continues to be upheld, but growing support for FGM/C to be allowed as a ‘cultural right’ and a desire to see the law repealed must be responded to with urgency.THOMSON ShannonMon, 26 May 2025 09:05:55 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/data-update-fgmc-in-the-gambia/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/data-update-fgmc-in-senegal/THOMSON ShannonThu, 08 May 2025 09:25:55 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/data-update-fgmc-in-senegal/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/knowledge-sharing-dialogues-process/Wed, 23 Apr 2025 08:10:44 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/knowledge-sharing-dialogues-process/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-the-horn-of-africa-evidence-of-change/Wed, 23 Apr 2025 08:06:28 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-the-horn-of-africa-evidence-of-change/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-the-horn-of-africa-accelerating-change-english/Wed, 23 Apr 2025 07:54:52 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-the-horn-of-africa-accelerating-change-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-the-horn-of-africa-accelerating-change-english-1/Wed, 23 Apr 2025 06:00:31 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-the-horn-of-africa-accelerating-change-english-1/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-the-horn-of-africa-signs-of-change/Wed, 23 Apr 2025 05:53:30 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-the-horn-of-africa-signs-of-change/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/date-update-fgmc-in-sierra-leone/The prevalence of FGM/C in Sierra Leone has decreased from 91.3% to 83% between 2008 and 2019 which appears to indicate some positive progress in eradicating the practice. However, at least 20% of girls are cut after the age of 15 years. Sierra Leone currently lacks legislation that prohibits FGM/C. Despite rising international pressure calling for the end of the practice following the death of three girls in 2024, FGM/C continues to be practiced across the country.THOMSON ShannonFri, 04 Apr 2025 11:02:35 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/date-update-fgmc-in-sierra-leone/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/data-update-fgmc-in-kenya-1/The national prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) in Kenya reduced from 37.6% of women aged 15–49 in 1998 to 14.8% in 2022. Orchid Project estimates that prevalence will drop to approximately 10% by 2030. This progress, however significant, is not equally distributed across the country. Ethnicity and social identity are primary drivers of FGM/C in Kenya, and this has created geographical hotspots where prevalence is well above the national average.Wed, 19 Feb 2025 11:22:21 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/data-update-fgmc-in-kenya-1/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-law-and-fgc-thailand/Fri, 31 Jan 2025 22:04:40 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-law-and-fgc-thailand/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-law-and-fgc-sri-lanka/Sun, 24 Nov 2024 10:55:28 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-law-and-fgc-sri-lanka/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-law-and-fgc-singapore/Wed, 20 Nov 2024 18:45:00 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-law-and-fgc-singapore/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-law-and-fgc-the-philippines/Tue, 19 Nov 2024 19:38:00 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-law-and-fgc-the-philippines/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-law-and-fgc-pakistan/Sun, 17 Nov 2024 00:10:24 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-law-and-fgc-pakistan/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-law-and-fgc-the-maldives/Sat, 16 Nov 2024 22:52:05 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-law-and-fgc-the-maldives/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-law-and-fgc-malaysia/Sat, 16 Nov 2024 22:02:50 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-law-and-fgc-malaysia/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-law-and-fgc-india/Sat, 16 Nov 2024 20:03:11 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-law-and-fgc-india/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-law-and-fgc-brunei/Thu, 14 Nov 2024 00:08:54 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-law-and-fgc-brunei/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/data-update-fgmc-in-burkina-faso/The prevalence of FGM/C in Burkina Faso has reduced from 75.8%1 to 56.1% between 2010 and 2021. Within the 15–19 age group (those most recently exposed to the risk of FGM/C), prevalence has reduced from 57.7%3 to 32.2%. FGM/C has been illegal in Burkina Faso since 1996, and the Government has made a substantial effort to implement the law, taking innovative approaches (mobile community courts, translation of the law into multiple languages and engagement with key stakeholders) that have built greater respect for the law within communities.THOMSON ShannonWed, 25 Sep 2024 09:55:41 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/data-update-fgmc-in-burkina-faso/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgmc-in-car-20182019-french/Sun, 15 Sep 2024 21:46:47 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgmc-in-car-20182019-french/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgc-in-asia-short-report-series/ This Short Report series brings together the latest available data on FGM/C across eight countries* in South and Southeast Asia. In most of the countries, there is no government health or other official survey data documenting FGM/C. These reports rely on academic journal articles, local NGO reports and news media report. The term ‘female genital cutting’ (FGC), rather than ‘female genital mutilation and cutting’ (FGM/C), is the main term used throughout these Short Reports, as the communities that practise it do not regard the practice to be ‘mutilation’. * This short report series covers the following countries: Brunei, India, Maldives, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Thailand.Wed, 21 Aug 2024 07:49:44 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgc-in-asia-short-report-series/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/short-report-fgc-in-the-maldives/In the Maldives, the prevalence of female genital cutting (FGC) in women aged 15–49 is 12.9%. The data suggest that the practice of FGC has significantly reduced over the past 50 years. 37.5% of women in the 45–49 age cohort have undergone the procedure, compared to only 1% of women aged 15–19. There is little variation in the prevalence of FGC across the country. 83.1% of women aged 15–49 who have undergone FGC were cut before the age of five.PINDER, CarolineWed, 31 Jul 2024 12:16:49 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/short-report-fgc-in-the-maldives/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/short-report-fgc-in-the-philippines/ There are no official data on the practice of female genital cutting (FGC) in the Philippines. Informal surveys conducted by international non-governmental organisations and academics suggest that the prevalence of FGC in the Philippines is 80–86% of girls and women in Muslim communities in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindana (BARMM). A National Demographic and Health Programe survey (DHS) was carried out in the Philippines in 2022, but it did not include any questions related to FGC. There have not been any other national surveys that include references to the practice. This Short Report, therefore, is primarily based on a 2020 survey conducted in the five provinces making up the Bangsamoro region by CARE Philippines in conjunction with two of the Philippines’ civil-society organisations, Leading Individuals to Flourish and Thrive (LIFT) and Women for Justice in the Bangsamoro.1 The sample was 413 women and 45 men. The women included several (an unspecified number) panday (traditional birth attendants), and the men included several (an unspecified number) religious leaders.PINDER, CarolineWed, 31 Jul 2024 12:12:11 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/short-report-fgc-in-the-philippines/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/short-report-fgc-in-pakistan/There are no clear data to indicate the prevalence of female genital cutting in Pakistan. It is known to be practised by the Dawoodi Bohra, the Sheedi and certain immigrants from neighbouring countries such as Iran and Iraq.  The main sources used in this Short Report are news and journal articles, and surveys (where they exist) conducted in the home countries of migrant groups believed to uphold the practice. The latter include surveys conducted in the Dawoodi Bohra community in 2017 by two Indian-based, international, non-governmental organisations (NGOs).PINDER, CarolineTue, 30 Jul 2024 20:37:57 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/short-report-fgc-in-pakistan/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/short-report-fgc-in-thailand/ e there are no official data available on the prevalence of female genital cutting (FGC) in Thailand, one may look for indications in other countries’ practising communities that are culturally and religiously similar. The prevalence of FGC in southern Thailand’s Muslim community is believed to be similar to that of the community in Kelantan, Malaysia. Kelantan has one of the highest FGC-prevalence figures in Malaysia (88.5% of women). Dawoodi Bohras in Thailand are understood to mainly reside in and around Bangkok. Research on Dawoodi Bohra women in India has found an FGC prevalence of between 75% and 85%. In the absence of official national data, this Short Report is based on academic sources; in particular, the work of Claudia Merli (Department of Anthropology, Durham University, United Kingdom), journal articles and news stories.PINDER, CarolineMon, 29 Jul 2024 08:24:13 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/short-report-fgc-in-thailand/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/short-report-fgc-in-sri-lanka/There are no extensive datasets on the prevalence of female genital cutting (FGC) in Sri Lanka. Small-scale surveys indicate that FGC is practised by some, but not all, Muslim communities across Sri Lanka, particularly Moors, Malays and Dawoodi Bohras.  Data in this Short Report are from surveys carried out in 2019 by the Family Planning Association of Sri Lanka (FPA Sri Lanka),1 a non-governmental organisation (NGO), and in 2021 by the Centre for Australian Public and Population Health Research2 in conjunction with the Department of Community Medicine at the University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka (hereinafter referred to as the Reproductive Health survey/report). Both of these involved qualitative analyses of focus groups and informant interviews. These data have been supplemented, where relevant, by data from two surveys conducted by NGOs in India, which relate only to the Dawoodi Bohra community.PINDER, CarolineMon, 29 Jul 2024 08:17:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/short-report-fgc-in-sri-lanka/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/short-report-fgc-in-singapore/There are no official data on the practice of female genital cutting (FGC) in Singapore. However, the prevalence of the practice is estimated to be between 75% and 85% of women in the Malay and Dawoodi Bohra communities. End FGC Singapore (EFS) (https://www.endfgcsg.com/) is an initiative that works from the ground level up. It conducted a survey of 360 women in 2020, to which 275 women responded that they believe they underwent FGC. Further analysis has not been published yet, although interim results are available at https://www.instagram.com/p/CP0OSZzBQE3/. This Short Report draws on those interim results, where relevant.PINDER, CarolineMon, 29 Jul 2024 08:14:03 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/short-report-fgc-in-singapore/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/short-report-fgc-in-india/The Dawoodi Bohra community is the only group in India known to carry out female genital cutting (FGC) regularly. It has been suggested that FGC may be occurring on a smaller scale in other groups (such as the Sulemani Bohras and a sub-sect of Sunnis in Kerala), but no surveys of size have been conducted in these communities. The findings in this Short Report, therefore, only relate to the practice as undertaken by the Dawoodi Bohra, unless otherwise indicated.PINDER, CarolineMon, 29 Jul 2024 08:11:44 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/short-report-fgc-in-india/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/short-report-fgc-in-brunei/ There are no official data to indicate the prevalence of female genital cutting (FGC) in Brunei Darussalam, as no health or other official surveys have included questions about the practice. There is, however, anecdotal evidence of its occurrence in media reports and a reference to it in a statement presented to the United Nations by the Government.  This Short Report draws on data and surveys about the practice of FGC in neighbouring Malaysia, most of which are referred to throughout Orchid Project’s Country Profile: FGC in Malaysia published in March 2024. In neighbouring Malaysia, surveys suggest the prevalence of FGC among Malay Muslims to be between 86% and 99.3%. In 2021, 67.4% of Brunei’s population were Malay citizens, who are defined by law as Muslim from birth.PINDER, CarolineThu, 25 Jul 2024 06:57:58 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/short-report-fgc-in-brunei/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgc-in-malaysia-2024-english/MORIN AnneWed, 03 Jul 2024 08:37:07 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgc-in-malaysia-2024-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-by-age-graph-kenya-2022/Thu, 30 May 2024 12:28:58 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-by-age-graph-kenya-2022/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-country-profile-fgc-in-malaysia-2024-english/MORIN AnneWed, 29 May 2024 16:44:26 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-country-profile-fgc-in-malaysia-2024-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilationcutting-among-girls-aged-014-evidence-from-the-2018-mali-demographic-and-health-survey-data/Abstract BackgroundFemale genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is considered a social norm in many African societies, with varying prevalence among countries. Mali is one of the eight countries with very high prevalence of FGM/C in Africa. This study assessed the individual and contextual factors associated with female FGM/C among girls aged 0–14 years in Mali. MethodsWe obtained data from the 2018 Mali Demographic and Health Survey. The prevalence of FGM/C in girls was presented using percentages while a multilevel binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the predictors of FGM/C and the results were presented using adjusted odds ratios with associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs). ResultsThe results indicate that more than half (72.7%, 95% CI = 70.4–74.8) of women in Mali with daughters had at least one daughter who has gone through circumcision. The likelihood of circumcision of girls increased with age, with women aged 45–49 having the highest odds compared to those aged 15–19 (aOR = 17.68, CI = 7.91–31.79). A higher likelihood of FGM/C in daughters was observed among women who never read newspaper/magazine (aOR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.27–3.89), compared to those who read newspaper/magazine at least once a week. Compared to women who are not circumcised, those who had been circumcised were more likely to have their daughters circumcised (aOR = 53.98, 95% CI = 24.91–117.00). ConclusionThe study revealed the age of mothers, frequency of reading newspaper/magazine, and circumcision status of mothers, as factors associated with circumcision of girls aged 0–14 in Mali. It is, therefore, imperative for existing interventions and new ones to focus on these factors in order to reduce FGM/C in Mali. This will help Mali to contribute to the global efforts of eliminating all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation by 2030.AHINKORAH Bright OpokuFri, 15 Mar 2024 22:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilationcutting-among-girls-aged-014-evidence-from-the-2018-mali-demographic-and-health-survey-data/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/malaysia-country-profile-2024/This Country Profile provides comprehensive information on the most recent trends and data on female genital cutting (FGC) in Malaysia. It includes an analysis of the current socio-political situation, legal frameworks and programmes to make recommendations on how to move toward eradicating the practice. Its purpose is to equip activists, practitioners, development partners and research organisations with the most up-to-date information to inform decision-making on policy and practice in the Malaysian and South East Asian contexts. Academic research undertaken by professionals of various disciplines form the backbone of this Country Profile, as do reports and statements by both governmental and non-governmental organisations, postgraduate research, media materials, webinars and documentary videos.MORIN AnneSat, 09 Mar 2024 07:00:14 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/malaysia-country-profile-2024/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/understanding-acharyas-concept-on-norms-localization-a-lesson-learned-from-localization-of-transnational-norms-on-anti-female-genital-mutilation-in-gorontalo-indonesia/ABSTRACT This paper is a critical review of Amitav Acharya's concept related to the process of global norm internalization.According to Acharya the process leads to three possible outcomes, i.e., the norms being accepted (norm displacement), adaptedand modified (localization), or rejected (resistance rejection). This paper analyzes the localization of transnational norms to thedomestic sphere, both the process, and its result, focusing on the case study of norm localization on anti-Female Genital Mutilation(FGM) in Gorontalo, Indonesia. In Gorontalo, the global norm of anti-FGM was initially accepted by the people and wasimplemented as government policies. However, later there was rejection by the people which pressured for the modification of theregulation. This paper attempts to answer the question of "How is the process of localization of transnational norms anti-femalegenital mutilation in Gorontalo, Indonesia?". Our findings lead to the identification of the various actors, factors and model oflocalization which are not necessarily similar to what has been proposed by Acharya. This paper hence contributes to themodification of Acharya’s model of norms internalization.Fri, 02 Feb 2024 22:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/understanding-acharyas-concept-on-norms-localization-a-lesson-learned-from-localization-of-transnational-norms-on-anti-female-genital-mutilation-in-gorontalo-indonesia/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-kenya-progress-but-concerns-remain/The progress toward ending FGM/C in Kenya is encouraging. Overall, the incidence of the practice is decreasing. However, there are aspects in Kenya that remain concerning. These include the medicalisation of the practice (in other words, FGM/C performed by healthcare workers), changes in the type of cutting performed (‘less severe’ types of FGM/C and the cutting of younger girls), hotspots where the practice continues, and cross-border FGM/C.KIMANI SamuelMon, 08 Jan 2024 13:19:07 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-kenya-progress-but-concerns-remain/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-unbroken-chain-of-female-genital-mutilation-a-qualitative-assessment-of-high-school-girls-perspectives/AbstractBackgroundFemale Genital Mutilation (FGM) is defined as any procedure that involves damage to the female external genitalia. This practice is majorly prevalent in Sudan, as it is estimated that over 12 million Sudanese women are circumcised. This study uncovers rural females’ knowledge and insights about FGM domestically. MethodsA qualitative, deductive study with thematic analysis was conducted. A total of 42 female high school students were recruited and divided into five focus groups, each of which included girls from four different high school classes in the main school of the study area. A topic guide was prepared and used to lead the focus groups. Thematic analysis was used, and the study data had been categorized into four themes: knowledge, procedure and performance, experience, and practice. The condensed meaning units of each theme were identified, then classified to formulate sub-themes. ResultsAll the participants indicated that FGM is a traditional practice in the village. The vast majority have heard about it from family members, mainly mothers and grandmothers. Regarding the procedure, all the participants agreed that midwives perform FGM, but most of them don’t know what exactly is being removed. According to all participants, mothers and grandmothers are the decision-makers for FGM. The majority of the participants stated that they do not discriminate between the circumcised and uncircumcised women and most of them agreed that circumcision has negative side effects. They have mentioned pain, difficult urination, and walking as early side effects, while psychological impacts and labor obstruction as late ones. Generally, the majority of the participants agreed that circumcision is not beneficial and should stop. ConclusionKnowledge regarding the dangers of FGM among high school girls is better than expected given the high prevalence of the practice. Generally, the process is well understood, the performers are known, the experience is universal, and the side effects are acknowledged. Nevertheless, a majority still showed an intent to circumcise their daughters in the future.HEMMEDA, LinaWed, 03 Jan 2024 22:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-unbroken-chain-of-female-genital-mutilation-a-qualitative-assessment-of-high-school-girls-perspectives/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/evaluating-the-long-term-impact-of-large-scale-trainings-an-exposure-based-cross-sectional-study-on-female-genital-mutilation-related-knowledge-attitudes-and-practices-among-sudanese-midwives-in-khartoum-state/Objectives To examine the long-term impact of large-scale training targeting midwives in a setting where they are the main female genital mutilation (FGM) practitioners. We hypothesised that trained midwives would have significantly higher knowledge, greater opposition to midwives’ involvement in this practice, and improved clinical practice in FGM prevention and care compared with non-trained midwives. Design We conducted an exposure based cross-sectional study, using closed-ended and open-ended questions during phone interviews. Setting Khartoum State in Sudan has a high prevalence of FGM (88%) mainly performed by midwives. Participants Midwives who received (n=127) and did not receive FGM training (n=55). Primary and secondary outcome measures We developed primary outcomes aligned to the three levels (reaction, learning and behaviour) of Kirkpatrick’s training evaluation model for descriptive and multivariable analyses in Stata. Results All the midwives interviewed were female, mostly village midwives (92%) and worked in health centres (89%). The mean age and midwifery experience was 51 years (SD=10) and 23 years (SD=12), respectively. Overall, most midwives (>90%) reported being supportive of FGM discontinuation. Midwives who had FGM training were more aware that performing FGM violates code of conduct (p=0.001) and reported to always counsel patients to abandon FGM (p<0.001) compared with midwives who did not report training. However, these associations were not statistically significant in multivariable logistic regression model adjusting for age. Exploratory analysis of training curricula showed higher knowledge, correct attitude and practices among those who reported in-service training before 2016. Conclusion Though past trainings were associated with higher knowledge and greater opposition to midwives’ involvement in FGM, this was not translated into appropriate corrective clinical procedures among affected women during labour. The Sudan Ministry of Health invested heavily in training midwives and it would be important to investigate why trained midwives do not implement recommended FGM-related clinical management.AHMED WisalMon, 01 Jan 2024 22:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/evaluating-the-long-term-impact-of-large-scale-trainings-an-exposure-based-cross-sectional-study-on-female-genital-mutilation-related-knowledge-attitudes-and-practices-among-sudanese-midwives-in-khartoum-state/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/empowering-healthcare-professionals-unveiling-harms-of-female-circumcision-in-malaysia/Female circumcision in Malaysia and several other Southeast Asian countries is commonly performed on female infants as young as one-month-old.This practice involves nicking or pricking the clitoral prepuce/hood with the requirement of drawing a drop of blood to complete the ritual1–4 and is classified as Type 4 female genital cutting (FGC) according to the WHO classification. Arguably, the nicking of the clitoral hood by a Mak Bidan (traditional birth attendant), producing a small piece of teased-out tissue typically given to the mother for burial, should be classified as Type 1 FGC. A report on the medicalisation of this practice in Malaysia has revealed that 36% of the 20.5% of doctors who practised FGC would cut the tip of the visible part of the clitoris with surgical scissors. This also meets the classification for Type 1 FGC.NAZRI HannahMon, 01 Jan 2024 22:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/empowering-healthcare-professionals-unveiling-harms-of-female-circumcision-in-malaysia/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/knowledge-attitudes-and-practices-of-female-genital-mutilation-cutting-among-healthcare-providers-in-two-public-hospitals-in-egypt-a-cross-sectional-study/Female Genital Mutilation / Cutting (FGM/C), also known as female circumcision, is a human rights violation and is still happening to date. Every woman or girl has the right to be protected from this harmful practice. Egypt has adopted a multi-layered strategy to end FGM/C nationwide. Even though considerable progress has been made throughout the country, the practice and inequality still exist. In 2021, The Egyptian Family Health Survey results showed a decrease in the prevalence of circumcision among ever-married women, reaching about 86%, compared to 92% in the latest public estimate of the Demographic Health Survey 2015, where 87% of all women between 15 and 49 years old are circumcised, of which 42.4% reported being circumcised by a healthcare professional (HCP) compared to a reported 47% in 2021. This study aimed to assess healthcare providers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices in two public hospitals in 2 governorates in Egypt using a validated questionnaire conducted among HCPs in Cairo (Urban) and Gharbia (Rural) governorates. A pre-tested questionnaire comprising 38 close-ended questions was used. The study population included 223 HCPs in Cairo and Gharbia governorates, of which 63.7% were women and 36.3% were men, with an average age of 42 years (42±5). 49.8% of the respondents are from an urban area. In the knowledge domain, the highest consequence identified was reduced sexual feelings. In attitudes, almost 63% believed that FGM/C should continue, while 65% agreed that the HCPs have a role in eliminating FGM/C. Almost 4% of our respondents have performed an FGM before, 45% had FGM in their household, and 62% would perform FGM on their daughters. HCPs’ integration within the communities allows them to play a crucial role in preventing the practice. It is of utmost importance to compensate for the gap in the curricula of medical schools through informal learning activities and continuing medical education programs for sexual and reproductive health and rights and human rights, as legislation and law enforcement alone cannot eliminate FGM/C from society.HAMDY, AhmedFri, 29 Dec 2023 22:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/knowledge-attitudes-and-practices-of-female-genital-mutilation-cutting-among-healthcare-providers-in-two-public-hospitals-in-egypt-a-cross-sectional-study/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-intersection-of-economy-and-tradition-understanding-fgm-prevalence-in-samburu-county-kenya/AbstractThe practice of female genital mutilation, or FGM, is still firmly ingrained in society and has a significant impact on local economies. FGM is not just a cultural or traditional ritual in places where it is common, like some parts of Kenya; it also reflects underlying economic circumstances. FGM is frequently seen by low-income households as a means of improving their financial situation. This is due to the fact that FGM is frequently associated in these societies with females being more marriable and, consequently, with possible financial advantages like bride price. Because of this, families are more inclined to continue this practice in the hopes of stability or financial gain, particularly those in lower income categories. This economic aspect complicates matters further and shows that attempts to end FGM cannot be limited to modifying cultural attitudes. This research explores the influence of household economy on the prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in Samburu County, Kenya, addressing a significant gap in understanding the economic underpinnings of this practice. While numerous studies have investigated the cultural, religious, and social aspects of FGM, few have delved into how economic factors, particularly household income, influence its prevalence. This study offers a unique perspective on the motivations behind FGM, highlighting the complex interplay between income and cultural practices. The findings reveal that poverty and perceived economic benefits of FGM significantly contribute to its prevalence in Samburu County. Most respondents indicated that poorer households are more likely to endorse FGM, suggesting that economic strains may drive communities to cling to or enhance traditional practices seen as economically advantageous. The study recommends implementing initiatives that integrate economic empowerment programs to alleviate poverty and create income opportunities, particularly for women. These should be complemented by culturally sensitive education campaigns and support services for at-risk women and girls. This comprehensive approach is essential for effectively tackling the persistent issue of FGM in regions with similar socio-economic dynamics.GIKUNDA, George KimathiSun, 24 Dec 2023 22:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-intersection-of-economy-and-tradition-understanding-fgm-prevalence-in-samburu-county-kenya/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgmc-in-burkina-faso-2010-french/Sun, 03 Dec 2023 22:38:21 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgmc-in-burkina-faso-2010-french/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/legislative-and-policy-framework-options-for-somalia/This research, undertaken by Orchid Project, was commissioned by Ifrah Foundation with the purpose of scoping the parameters which have been present, and potentially influential, in reducing FGM/C prevalence in countries neighbouring Somalia. The purpose was to better understand the structures which have influenced and/or supported the introduction of FGM/C legislation and policy. The report finds that legislation and policy frameworks are correlated with reductions in prevalence of FGM/C, however, the relationship between them varies. What can be seen clearly from the data is that the legislation and policy frameworks have not had an influence in Somali communities where prevalence has remained high over time. THOMSON ShannonFri, 01 Dec 2023 10:38:44 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/legislative-and-policy-framework-options-for-somalia/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/female-genital-mutilationcutting-fgmc-in-the-united-states/THIS REPORT FINDS that previous studies of FGM/C in the United States overestimated the potentially impacted population because they did not consider the impact of migration on the practice. Those studies calculated that over half a million women and girls were impacted by FGM/C whereas, based on our calculations, there were 421,000 women and girls impacted by FGM/C in the United States in 2019. While most of those women and girls were already living with FGM/C, it was estimated that 31,000 children remained at risk.CALLAGHAN SeanMon, 20 Nov 2023 12:38:56 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/female-genital-mutilationcutting-fgmc-in-the-united-states/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-fgmc-in-ethiopia-country-profile-update-2023-amharic/THOMSON ShannonFri, 17 Nov 2023 13:34:55 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-fgmc-in-ethiopia-country-profile-update-2023-amharic/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-role-of-audience-monitoring-surveys-ams-in-strengthening-radio-talk-shows-rts-by-unicef-ethiopia-on-female-genital-mutilation-fgm-and-child-marriage-programs/Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) and child marriage (CM) are some of the worst harmful practices rampant in Ethiopia. Population Media Center-Ethiopia (PMC-E), in partnership with UNICEF and UNFPA, have been broadcasting radio talk shows (RTS) in select regions of the country to address these issues. The main objective of this study was to establish the popularity and relevance of these shows in addressing the issue of FGM and CM. Specific objectives were establishing respondent awareness of the shows, analyzing the knowledge gained from the issues raised in the shows, establishing the convenience of RTS broadcasting times to listeners, and offering suggestions for improvement. The study used a cross-sectional population-based household survey design in which men and women aged 15 – 49 years were interviewed in two phases. A total of 860 respondents in Phase I and 741 in Phase II were interviewed using questionnaires. Data was analyzed descriptively. Findings show that the reach of RTS was not good, attributable to lack of access to radio, mobile phone, or/and lack of electricity or time to listen to the shows. The content, time and presenter skills and creativity were convenient to listeners and the popular topics discussed were FGM, CM, and gender equality. There was a significant difference between people who listened to the shows and those who didn’t in regard to understanding FGM and CM issues. The study recommends government of Ethiopia subsidize the cost of radios purchased by people in target areas as well as promote the use of alternative media to present topics discussed in the RTS.AHMED, HaitharSun, 05 Nov 2023 22:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-role-of-audience-monitoring-surveys-ams-in-strengthening-radio-talk-shows-rts-by-unicef-ethiopia-on-female-genital-mutilation-fgm-and-child-marriage-programs/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-effectiveness-of-radio-talk-shows-by-unicef-ethiopia-in-increasing-knowledge-and-changing-attitudes-and-behaviors-around-child-marriage-female-genital-mutilation-and-gender-equality/Female genital mutilation (FGM), child marriage (CM), and gender inequality are some practices that are discriminatory and abusive to women and deny them the potential to live better and more inclusive lives. UNICEF in collaboration with other partners have initiated radio talk shows (RTS)in SNNP, Oromia, Somali, and Afar regions with the aim of addressing these issues. This evaluation study assessed the effectiveness of these shows on these matters. The study used a cross-sectional survey approach blended with key informant interviews to interrogate the issue at hand. A stratified cluster sampling method was used to identify 458 subjects to participate in the study. The study found that not many people have been reached by the radio talk shows. Those reached had acquired knowledge/enlightenment and attitude change that is positive towards lowering cases of FGM, CM, and gender inequality. The study thus found radio talk shows to be effective in increasing knowledge and attitude that could bring about social behavior change. It was recommended that UNICEF to scale up RTS into unreached areas to expand the reach hence the impact of the shows on FGM, CM, and gender equality.AHMED, HaitharSun, 05 Nov 2023 22:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-effectiveness-of-radio-talk-shows-by-unicef-ethiopia-in-increasing-knowledge-and-changing-attitudes-and-behaviors-around-child-marriage-female-genital-mutilation-and-gender-equality/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-ethiopia-update-key-findings-2023-english/THOMSON ShannonSat, 21 Oct 2023 09:11:27 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-ethiopia-update-key-findings-2023-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-fgmc-in-ethiopia-country-profile-update/THOMSON ShannonSat, 21 Oct 2023 09:02:52 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-fgmc-in-ethiopia-country-profile-update/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/health-care-providersreadiness-to-adopt-an-interactive-3d-web-app-in-consultations-about-female-genital-mutilationcutting-qualitative-evaluation-of-a-prototype/AbstractBackground: Comprehensive and appropriate health care provision to women and girls with female genital mutilation or cutting (FGM/C) is lacking. Use of visuals in health care provider (HCP) consultations facilitates the communication of health information and its comprehension by patients. A web app featuring a 3D visualization of the genitourinary anatomy was developed to support HCPs in conferring clinical information about FGM/C to patients. Objective: The aim of this study was to explore HCP perspectives on the use of visuals in discussion about FGM/C with their patients as well as to obtain their feedback on whether an interactive 3D web app showing the genitourinary anatomy would be helpful in patient consultations about FGM/C, identifying key features that are relevant to their clinical practice. Methods: We evaluated the web app through a semistructured interview protocol with seven HCPs from various disciplines experienced in care for women and girls with FGM/C in migration-destination settings. Interviews were audio- and video-recorded for transcription, and were then analyzed thematically for contextualized data regarding HCPs' willingness to use a 3D web app visualizing anatomy in FGM/C consultations with patients. Results: All but one of the seven participants expressed keen interest in using this web app and its 3D visuals of anatomy in FGM/C consultations with patients. Participants shared the common contexts for the use of visuals in health care for FGM/C and the concepts they are used to support, such as to help describe a patient's genitals after FGM/C and reinforce an understanding of clitoral anatomy, to illustrate the process of defibulation, or to explain the physiological effects of FGM/C. Participants also highlighted the benefit of using visuals that patients can relate to, expressing approval for the ability to customize the vulva by FGM/C subtype, skin tone, and complexity of the visual shown in the web app. Despite critiques that the visualization may serve to perpetuate idealistic standards for how a vulva should look, participants largely agreed on the web app's perceived usefulness to clinical practice and beyond. Conclusions: Evaluation of the web app developed in this study identified that digital tools with 3D models of the genitourinary anatomy that are accessible, informative, and customizable to any specific patient are likely to aid HCPs in communicating clinical information about FGM/C in consultations. Universal access to the web app may be particularly useful for HCPs with less experience in FGM/C. The app also prompts options for applications such as for personal use, in medical education, in patient medical records, or in legal settings. Further qualitative research with patients is required to confirm that adoption of the web app by HCPs in a consultation setting will indeed benefit patient care for women and girls with FGM/C.HOLUSZKO, OliviaThu, 28 Sep 2023 22:58:12 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/health-care-providersreadiness-to-adopt-an-interactive-3d-web-app-in-consultations-about-female-genital-mutilationcutting-qualitative-evaluation-of-a-prototype/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/postpartum-depressive-symptoms-in-women-with-female-genital-mutilation-in-somalia/AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to identify associated factors for postpartum depression (PPD) among women with female genital mutilation (FGM) in Somalia. MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study conducted between February and May 2021 in Somalia Mogadishu–Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia. Mothers with any known chronic disease, or psychiatric disorders and who refused to participate were excluded from the study. The cutoff point for depression was defined as ≥13 points according to the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Results Out of 446 postpartum mothers, 267 (59.9%) had increased depressive symptoms in the early postpartum period. PPD scale scores of mothers who were very poor were significantly higher depression scores than their counterparts (p = .002). Education level, place of residence, occupational status, number of children, type of FGM, and the presence of perineal tear did not differ significantly between depressed and non-depressed groups. ConclusionsWomen with FGM had increased depressive symptoms in the early postpartum period in Somalia. In addition, women who had lower income had higher PPD scores than their counterparts. Further studies are needed to develop a deeper understanding of the relationships between FGM and PPD and its causes.OZER OzgurMon, 25 Sep 2023 20:43:21 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/postpartum-depressive-symptoms-in-women-with-female-genital-mutilation-in-somalia/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/beyond-the-tip-of-the-iceberg-a-meta-analysis-of-the-anatomy-of-the-clitoris/AbstractAn understanding of ranges in clitoral anatomy is important for clinicians caring for patients including those who have had female genital mutilation, women seeking genital cosmetic surgery, or trans women seeking reconstructive surgery. The aim of this meta-analysis is to investigate the ranges in clitoral measurements within the literature. A meta-analysis was performed on Ovid Medline and Embase databases following the PRISMA protocol. Measurements of clitoral structures from magnetic imaging resonance, ultrasound, cadaveric, and living women were extracted and analyzed. Twenty-one studies met the inclusion criteria. The range in addition to the average length and width of the glans (6.40 mm; 5.14 mm), body (25.46 mm; 9.00 mm), crura (52.41 mm; 8.71 mm), bulb (52.00 mm; 10.33 mm), and prepuce (23.19 mm) was calculated. Furthermore, the range and average distance from the clitoris to the external urethral meatus (22.27 mm), vagina (43.14 mm), and anus (76.30 mm) was documented. All erectile and non-erectile structures of the clitoris present with substantial range. It is imperative to expand the literature on clitoral measurements and disseminate the new results to healthcare professionals and the public to reduce the sense of inadequacy and the chances of iatrogenic damage during surgery.LONGHURST, GeorgaSat, 23 Sep 2023 22:58:12 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/beyond-the-tip-of-the-iceberg-a-meta-analysis-of-the-anatomy-of-the-clitoris/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-magnitude-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-and-the-associated-factors-among-women-of-reproductive-age-in-tanzania-analysis-of-the-2015-2016-tanzania-demographic-and-health-survey-data/Background: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) is a public health challenge. The long-term effects of FGM/C are increased risk of cesarean section, postpartum hemorrhage, recourse to episiotomy, difficult labor, obstetric tears/lacerations, instrumental delivery, prolonged labor, and extended maternal hospital stay. The study aimed at ascertaining the magnitude of FGM/C and its associated factors among women of reproductive age in Tanzania. Method: The study was an analytical cross-sectional study using the 2015-2016 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicators Survey. A total of 5,777 women of reproductive age who responded to the question on female circumcision were included in the study. Descriptive analysis was used to establish the magnitude of FGM/C among women of reproductive age in Tanzania. Both univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to establish. Results: The magnitude of FGM/C was 12.1% at 95%CI of 11.3% to 13%. After adjusted for confounders, factors associated with FGM/C were marital status [married (AOR=3.141, p<0.001), living with male partners (AOR=2.001, p=0.027), widowed (AOR=2.922, p=0.03)] never in union was a reference population; wealth index [poorest (AOR=2.329, p=0.001), middle (AOR=1.722, p=0.024), richer (AOR=1.831, p=0.005)] in reference to richest women; zones [Northern zone, (AOR=91.787, p<0.001), central zone, (AOR=215.07, p<0.001), southern highlands, (AOR=12.005, p<0.001), lake zone (AOR=13.927, p<0.001), eastern zone, (AOR=24.167, p<0.001)]; place of childbirth [outside health facility (AOR=1.616, p<0.001)] in reference to health facility childbirth; parity [para 5+ (AOR=2.204, p<0.001)] para one was the reference population; and opinion on whether FGM/C stopped or continued [continued (AOR =8.884, p<0.001)] Conclusion: FGM/C among women of reproductive age is a public health problem in Tanzania. Women who were subjected to FGM/C were those who were or ever lived with male partners, those of low wealth index, those with high parity, those living in Central, Northern, Eastern, Lake, and Southern highland zones and those in support of female circumcision should continue. The study recommends an intervention study to come up with a cost-effective strategy to eradicate FGM/C in Tanzania.MOSHI, VincentWed, 20 Sep 2023 21:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-magnitude-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-and-the-associated-factors-among-women-of-reproductive-age-in-tanzania-analysis-of-the-2015-2016-tanzania-demographic-and-health-survey-data/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/recurrent-urethral-obstruction-secondary-to-large-vulval-inclusion-cyst-a-remote-complication-of-female-genital-mutilation-a-case-report/AbstractBackground Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is a major public health problem, particularly in developingcountries. Case presentation The authors reported a case of 48-year old multiparous woman presented to Kassala Hospital, east Sudan, with recurrent urine retention resulting from urethral obstruction, which was caused by large vulval inclusion cyst. A traditional birth attendant circumcised her when she was 5 year old. Five years before her presentation the patient observed a painless swelling in her vulva, which was gradually increasing in size. She presented to the hospital with urine retention seeking medical care. Local examination showed a large cystic swelling originating in the circumcision line and covering the introitus. A diagnosis of inclusion cyst at the site of circumcision was made. The cyst was large enough causing bladder outlet obstruction and when the patient advised to tilt it away from the urethral orifce she passed urine without difculties. The cyst was surgically removed by dissection along the lines of cleavage, which measured 10×9.2 cm and weighed 1.2 kg. Conclusion This case report indicates that FGM is a serious public health problem and there should an urgent intervention such as planned health education campaigns to end FGM practice.ALI, AbdelAziemMon, 18 Sep 2023 22:58:12 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/recurrent-urethral-obstruction-secondary-to-large-vulval-inclusion-cyst-a-remote-complication-of-female-genital-mutilation-a-case-report/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-cutting-fgc-type-proposing-a-multifaceted-interactive-method-for-fgc-self-assessment/AbstractBackground: Self-reporting female genital cutting (FGC) status and types by patients and clinicians is often inconsistent and inaccurate, particularly in community settings where clinically verifiable genital exams are not feasible or culturally appropriate. Aim: In this study we sought to discern whether integrating multiple dimensions of participant engagement through self reflection, visual imagery, and iterative discourse informed the determination of FGC status by a panel of health and cultural experts using World Health Organization (WHO) typology. Methods: Using community-based participatory research, we recruited 50 Somali women from the Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN, metropolitan area through convenience and snowball sampling to participate in semi-structured interviews. Participants were asked to discuss their recollection of their original circumcision—including the procedure itself and their assessment of the type of circumcision they experienced. Anatomical drawings of uncircumcised and circumcised vulvas were shown to participants to assist them in identifying their FGC type. A panel of health and cultural experts reviewed and independently assessed participant FGC type. Interrater reliability and degree of concordance between participants and panel were determined. Outcomes: Outcomes included the following: (1) development of WHO-informed, anatomically accurate visual depictions of vulvas representing FGC typology, (2) development of an iterative, self-reflective process by which participants self-described their own FGC status aided by visual depictions of vulvas, (3) application of WHO FGC typology by a panel of health and cultural experts, and (4) determination of the degree of concordance between participants and panel in the classification of FGC type. Results: High interrater reliability (kappa = 0.64) and concordance (80%) between panel and participants were achieved. Clinical Translation: Incorporation of FGC visual imagery combined with women’s empowered use of their own self-described FGC status would optimize clinical care, patient education, and informed decision making between patients and their providers when considering medical and/or surgical interventions, particularly among women possessing limited health and anatomic literacy. Strengths and Limitations: Strengths of this study include the incorporation of anatomically accurate visual representations of FGC types; the iterative, educational process by which participants qualitatively self-described their FGC status; and the high interrater reliability and concordance achieved between panel and participants. Study limitations include the inability to conduct clinical genital exams (due to the community-based methodology used), recall bias, and small sample size (n = 50). Conclusion: We propose a new patient-informed educational method for integrating anatomically accurate visual imagery and iterative selfreflective discourse to investigate sensitive topics and guide clinicians in providing patient-centered, culturally informed care for patients with FGC.JOHNSON-AGBAKWU, CristaMon, 18 Sep 2023 22:58:12 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-cutting-fgc-type-proposing-a-multifaceted-interactive-method-for-fgc-self-assessment/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/beautiful-vulvas-expanding-illustrative-visual-imagery-of-female-genital-cutting-types/AbstractBackground: Visual imagery has been used to educate healthcare providers, patients, and the lay public on female genital cutting (FGC) typology and reconstructive procedures. However, culturally inclusive, diverse, and anatomically accurate representation of vulvas informed by women possessing lived experience of FGC is lacking. Aim: We sought to apply World Health Organization (WHO) FGC typology to the development of type-specific visual imagery designed by a graphic artist and culturally informed by women with lived experience of FGC alongside a panel of health experts in FGC-related care. Methods: Over a 3-year process, a visual artist created watercolor renderings of vulvas with and without FGC across varying WHO types and subtypes using an iterative community-based approach. Somali women possessing lived experience of FGC were engaged alongside a team of clinician experts in FGC-related care. Women and clinicians provided descriptive input on skin color variation, texture, and skin tone, as well as the visual depiction of actions necessary in conducting a genital examination. Outcomes: A series of vulvar anatomic illustrations depicting WHO FGC typology. Results: FGC types and subtypes are illustrated alongside culturally informed descriptors and clinical pearls to strengthen provider competency in the identification and documentation of FGC WHO typology, as well as facilitate patient education, counseling, shared decision making, and care. Clinical Implications: Ensuring equitable representation of race, gender, age, body type, and ability in medical illustrations may enhance patient education, counseling, and shared decision making in medical and/or surgical care. FGC provides a lens through which the incorporation of patient-informed and culturally relevant imagery and descriptors may enhance provider competency in the care of FGC-affected women and adolescents. Strengths and Limitations: The strengths of this study include the development of visual imagery through an iterative community-based process that engaged women with lived experience of FGC alongside clinicians with expertise in FGC-related care, as well as the representation of historically underrepresented bodies in the anatomical literature. Study limitations include the lack of generalizability to all possible forms or practices of FGC given the focus on one geographically distinct migrant community, as well as the reliance on self-report given the inability to clinically verify FGC status due to the community-based methodology employed. Conclusion: Patient-informed and culturally representative visual imagery of vulvas is essential to the provision of patient-centered sexual health care and education. Illustrations developed through this community-engaged work may inform future development of visual educational content that advances equity in diverse representation of medical illustrations.CHAISSON, NicoleMon, 18 Sep 2023 22:58:12 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/beautiful-vulvas-expanding-illustrative-visual-imagery-of-female-genital-cutting-types/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/prevalence-of-female-genital-mutilation-and-associated-factors-among-daughters-aged-0-14-years-in-sub-saharan-africa-a-multilevel-analysis-of-recent-demographic-health-surveys/BackgroundFemale genital mutilation (FGM) is a harmful traditional practice involving the partial or total removal of external genitalia for non-medical reasons. Despite efforts to eliminate it, more than 200 million women and girls have undergone FGM, and 3 million more undergo this practice annually. Tracking the prevalence of FGM and identifying associated factors are crucial to eliminating the practice. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of FGM and associated factors among daughters aged 0–14 years. MethodsThe most recent Demographic Health Survey Data (DHS) datasets from sub-Saharan African countries were used for analysis. A multilevel modified Poisson regression analysis model was applied to identify factors associated with FGM. Data management and analysis were performed using STATA-17 software, and the pooled prevalence and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) were reported. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. ResultsThe study included a weighted sample of 123,362 participants. The pooled prevalence of FGM among daughters aged 0–14 years in sub-Saharan Africa was found to be 22.9% (95% CI: 16.2–29.6). The daughter's place of birth (AOR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.48–0.62), mother's age (AOR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.4–2.11), father's education (AOR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.87–0.98), mother's perception about FGM (AOR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.35–0.48), FGM as a religious requirement (AOR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.12–1.35), mother's age at circumcision (AOR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.01–1.23), residing in rural areas (AOR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.05–1.19), and community literacy level (AOR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.83–0.98) were factors associated with FGM. ConclusionThe high prevalence of FGM among daughters aged 0–14 years in sub-Saharan Africa indicates the need for intensified efforts to curb this practice. Addressing the associated factors identified in this study through targeted interventions and policy implementation is crucial to eradicate FGM and protect the rights and well-being of girls.AYENEW, AsterayTue, 12 Sep 2023 21:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/prevalence-of-female-genital-mutilation-and-associated-factors-among-daughters-aged-0-14-years-in-sub-saharan-africa-a-multilevel-analysis-of-recent-demographic-health-surveys/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/changing-local-customs-the-long-run-impacts-of-christian-missions-on-female-genital-cutting-in-africa/We investigate the long-run impacts of Christian missions on female genital cutting (FGC) in Africa. Our empirical analysis draws on historical data on the locations of early European missions geographically matched with Demographic and Health Survey data on FGC practices of around 410,000 respondents from 42 surveys performed over a 30-year period in 14 African countries. We use ethnographic data on pre-colonial FGC to show that the location of missions was not correlated with the practice of FGC in the local population. Our benchmark estimates imply that a person living 10 km from a historical mission is 4–6 percentage points less likely to have undergone FGC than someone living 100 km from a mission site. Similarly, an additional mission per 1000 km2 in one's ancestral ethnic homeland decreases the probability of having undergone FGC by around 8 percentage points. The effect is robust to numerous specifications and control variables.FORD C. M.Wed, 06 Sep 2023 20:43:21 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/changing-local-customs-the-long-run-impacts-of-christian-missions-on-female-genital-cutting-in-africa/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilationcutting-is-continued-problem/AbstractBackground: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) refers to the partial or complete removal of the external female genitalia or other forms of injury to the female genital organs for cultural or other non-therapeutic reasons Aim: the present study aims to assess the prevalence, frequency, and complications associated with FGM/C, as well as the level of awareness among women and healthcare providers. Methods: The survey was carried out at Fayoum General Hospital, involving 235 female volunteers and 100 health office providers. To gather data, the authors designed a questionnaire that included personal information about the subjects, such as age, place of residence, religion, education level, marital status, and specific details regarding circumcision. Results: The study findings revealed that approximately 140 (59.6%) of the female participants in Group I had undergone circumcision. 72.8% of the female participants were married. Among the participants, 199 (84.7%) were Muslims, while 36 (15.3%) were Christians. Rural areas were the predominant locations where circumcision took place. A negative correlation was observed between education level and female circumcision. The majority of female circumcision cases occurred after the age of 10, with an average age of 12.5 ± 1.3 years. Midwives were predominantly responsible for performing the procedure. The most common complications of circumcision were psychological and sexual problems. Out study's females examined, 107 (76.4%) had type II circumcision, while 33 (23.6%) had type I. Among the participants in Group I, 112 (80%) stated that circumcision was performed for social and cultural reasons, while 28 (20%) mentioned religious reasons. Among healthcare providers, 9 (18%) reported practising circumcision for medical reasons, while 41 (82%) stated social and cultural reasons as the primary motivations. All 100 (100%) healthcare providers surveyed did not receive formal training or have any references for performing circumcision operations. The majority of healthcare providers practised Type I circumcision. Conclusion: Female genital mutilation /cutting (circumcision) is a continued problem. To achieve the best results for the abolition of FGM/C in Egypt, rules and legislation that forbid it must be supplemented with culturally relevant education and public awareness-raising initiatives.ROHYM, HebaSun, 03 Sep 2023 22:58:12 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilationcutting-is-continued-problem/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/what-women-want-a-reflexive-thematic-analysis-of-how-women-with-female-genital-mutilationcutting-experience-health-services-in-south-australia/BackgroundFemale genital mutilation/cutting or FGM/C is an ancient cultural tradition, that despite its serious health risks, continues to be practiced globally. Female genital mutilation/cutting can cause significant lifelong biopsychosocial implications for many girls and women. Pregnancy and childbirth are often reported as time women with FGM/C notice an exacerbation of their symptoms placing healthcare professionals, working in maternity services, in an ideal position to support the needs of women with FGM/C and reduce adverse maternal and fetal outcomes often associated with the practice. AimTo explore the lived experiences and needs of women with female genital mutilation/cutting accessing maternity, gynaecological and sexual health services in South Australia. MethodBraun and Clarke’s reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyse one-on-one semi-structured interviews of women with female genital mutilation/cutting living in South Australia who had accessed women’s health services. ResultsTen women with female genital mutilation/cutting from five different countries consented to participate in the interviews. Four themes and fifteen subthemes were identified during the analysis. The main themes were: 1) the healthcare experience, 2) cultural values shape the healthcare experience, 3) speaking up about female genital cutting and 4) working together to improve healthcare experiences. Communication, access to continuity of care, cultural empathy, and psychosocial implications of FGM/C, were expressed as the determinants that mostly impact women's experiences with health services. ConclusionThe results of this study demonstrate that women with female genital mutilation/cutting have specific cultural needs that can be supported by health services through the inclusion of culturally safe care education and provision of woman-centred care.DIAZ, MonicaFri, 01 Sep 2023 22:58:12 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/what-women-want-a-reflexive-thematic-analysis-of-how-women-with-female-genital-mutilationcutting-experience-health-services-in-south-australia/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/discursive-delegitimation-strategies-in-malaysian-news-media-discourse-on-female-circumcision-sunat-perempuan/This article unpacks the discursive (de)legitimation strategies used by the Malaysian government and Malaysian civil society organisations to construct and contest the legitimacy of female circumcision in Malaysia. This paper examines the ways in which female circumcision in Malaysia is legitimised and contested within the Malaysian news media. Malaysian mainstream and alternative news articles discussing the practice that was published online between the years of 2016 and 2020 were analysed based on previous studies on legitimation (Van Leeuwen, 2008) as the main analytical tools to examine the approaches taken by the Malaysian government and Malaysian civil society organisations to (de)legitimise the practice in Malaysia. Findings reveal that the Malaysian government actively supported the practice of female circumcision using the strategies (1) authority of tradition and authority of conformity, (2) impersonal authority of adat (Malay custom), (3) personal and expert authority (4) denial of female circumcision as a form of FGM/C, (5) mitigation of harm through medicalisation, (6) moral legitimation by cultural relativism, and (7) scientific rationalisation using religion. Malaysian civil society organisations mainly countered the hegemonic discourse using the synergistic strategies of moral evaluation and rationalisation with discourses of health and human rights as the motif of resistance.MAT, Nik Soffiya NikFri, 01 Sep 2023 21:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/discursive-delegitimation-strategies-in-malaysian-news-media-discourse-on-female-circumcision-sunat-perempuan/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/spatial-clustering-in-temporal-trends-of-female-genital-mutilation-risk-leveraging-sparse-data-in-ethiopia-kenya-and-somalia/Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a harmful practice rooted in gender inequality. Its elimination is part of national and international agendas including the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations. Understanding its geographical evolution is crucial for targeted programming. However, due to sparse data, it is challenging to establish international comparability and statistical reliability. Data on FGM is observed at different points in time and periodicity across countries and in contexts with varying age-risk patterns, all of which can be a source of inaccurate and biased estimates. We perform an exemplary analysis, drawing on survival and complex survey analysis in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Somalia. This novel approach addresses measurement challenges specific to FGM data and produces an internationally comparable indicator— the probability of not experiencing FGM by age 20. We pinpoint the onset of statistically significant FGM decline at the subnational level from cohorts born in the 1970s until the 1990s. In the same period, we observe no decline in FGM risk across regions clustered around international borders and increasing subnational inequalities within countries. Our methods thus provide crucial insights into the geographical pattern of temporal trends in FGM risk.WENY, KathrinFri, 01 Sep 2023 21:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/spatial-clustering-in-temporal-trends-of-female-genital-mutilation-risk-leveraging-sparse-data-in-ethiopia-kenya-and-somalia/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/finland-the-law-and-fgmc-2021-finnish/Mon, 21 Aug 2023 18:26:54 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/finland-the-law-and-fgmc-2021-finnish/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/france-the-law-and-fgmc-2021-french/Sat, 19 Aug 2023 11:47:13 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/france-the-law-and-fgmc-2021-french/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/estimating-excess-mortality-due-to-female-genital-mutilation/Globally, over 200 million women and girls have been subjected to Female Genital Mutilation (FGM). This practice, illegal in most countries, often happens in unsanitary conditions and without clinical supervision with consequent bleeding and infection. However, little is known about its contribution to the global epidemiology of child mortality. We matched data on the proportion of girls of a given age group subject to FGM to age-gender-year specifc mortality rates during 1990–2020 in 15 countries where FGM is practised. We used fxed-efects regressions to separate the efect of FGM on mortalityrates from variation in mortality in that country in that year. Using our estimated efect, we calculated total annual excess mortality due to FGM. Our estimates imply that a 50% increase in the number of girls subject to FGM increases their 5-year mortality rate by 0.075 percentage point (95% CI 0 · 065 –0 · 085). This increased mortality rate translates into an estimated 44,320 excess deaths per year across countries where FGM is practised. These estimates imply that FGM is a leading cause of the death of girls and young women in those countries where it is practised accounting for more deaths than any cause other than Enteric Infections, Respiratory Infections, or Malaria.GHOSH, ArpitaWed, 16 Aug 2023 21:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/estimating-excess-mortality-due-to-female-genital-mutilation/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/knowledge-attitudes-and-practices-of-female-health-care-service-providers-on-female-genital-mutilation-in-somalia-a-cross-sectional-study/AbstractBackground: Despite a strong international standpoint against female genital mutilation, the prevalence of female genital mutilation in Somalia is extremely high. Objectives: This study assessed the knowledge, attitude, and practice of female genital mutilation among female health care service providers in order to formulate appropriate policies and programs to eliminate this harmful practice. Design: Facility-based cross-sectional survey conducted in 2019 among female doctors and nurses working in Banadir Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia. Methods: A total of 144 female health care service providers were randomly selected, and data were collected through a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire. Quantitative data were analyzed by using the statistical software SPSS (Version 21), and qualitative data were analyzed thematically in accordance with the objectives of the study. Results: The study found that about three-fifths of the respondents had undergone some forms of female genital mutilation during their life. An overwhelming majority believed that female genital mutilation practices were medically harmful, and a majority of them expressed their opinion against the medicalization of the practice of female genital mutilation. The study also observed a significant association between participants’ age and their negative attitudes regarding the legalization of female genital mutilation. Conclusion: Health care service providers’ effort is critical to eliminating this harmful practice from the Somalian society. Strong policy commitment and a comprehensive health-promotion effort targeting the parents and community leaders are essential to avert the negative impact of female genital mutilation.MEHRIBAN, NadiraTue, 15 Aug 2023 22:58:12 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/knowledge-attitudes-and-practices-of-female-health-care-service-providers-on-female-genital-mutilation-in-somalia-a-cross-sectional-study/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/prevalence-and-drivers-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-in-three-coastal-governorates-in-yemen/Abstract Background Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), a violation of human rights, remains common in the coastal areas of Yemen. Objective This study aimed to identify the prevalence of FGM/C and its risk factors among the youngest daughters in families in the Yemeni coastal areas, as well as the knowledge and attitudes of the local population towards FGM/C. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 646 women and 345 men from six districts in three Yemeni coastal governorates between July and September 2020 using a structured questionnaire. Categorical data were described by proportion. The chi-square test was used to identify factors associated with FGM/C. All factors with a p-value of ≤0.05 were included in the multivariate analysis. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated in the multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results The prevalence of FGM/C in Yemeni coastal areas was 89.0% (95% CI 84.0%-92.5%) among women and 79.8% (95% CI 73.5%-84.8%) among the youngest daughters in the surveyed families. Nearly two-thirds of women and half of the men recorded a poor knowledge level about the harms of FGM/C. Furthermore, almost two-thirds of both women and men would like to continue the practice of FGM/C. Among women, significant predictors of FGM/C among youngest daughters included advanced maternal age of ≥40 years (AOR 7.16, 95% CI 2.73–18.76), mother’s desire to continue FGM/C (AOR 8.07, 95% CI 3.64–17.89), and living in a rural area (AOR 3.95, 95% CI 1.51–10.30). Daughters of mothers who did not undergo FGM/C were more protected from FGM/C than those whose mothers had undergone FGM/C (AOR 0.04, 95% CI 0.02–0.09). Among men, the father’s desire to continue FGM/C (AOR 15.10, 95% CI 6.06–37.58) was significantly associated with FGM/C among the youngest daughters. Conclusion This study confirmed that FGM/C is still prevalent among communities in Yemeni coastal areas. Thus, community-based interventions with a focus on the rural population are vital to improving the awareness of various harms of FGM/C.AL-TAJ, Mansour AbduMon, 17 Jul 2023 21:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/prevalence-and-drivers-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-in-three-coastal-governorates-in-yemen/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/exploring-the-association-between-perceived-male-attitudes-and-female-attitudes-toward-the-discontinuation-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-in-egypt/Introduction  There are 200 million girls and women alive worldwide that have undergone the practice of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) and 4 million girls are at risk of undergoing the practice each year. FGM/C provides no known health benefits, while puts a plethora of medical, psychological, and sexual health risks into perspective. One of the countries where the prevalence of FGM/C is the highest in the World, even though local authorities legally banned the practice in 2008, is Egypt. Within the Egyptian context, there are several complex socioeconomic, religious, and cultural drivers that influence the familial decision making of the daughters being cut. Female attitudes hold great significance in the process, because mothers and female family members are typically the prime decision makers at the daughter's circumcision. However, whilst FGM/C is often performed to enhance marriageability and address male preferences, in practicing communities there is little to no open communication between men and women about the practice, making women rely on their perceptions on FGM/C related expectations of men. Even though the connection between female and perceived male attitudes toward the discontinuation was established almost 20 years ago, since then to our knowledge little is known about the further characteristics of this association. Therefore, this study aims to explore the association between female and perceived male attitudes within families of a younger cohort and moreover attempts to provide a more layered picture of it within different levels of education. Methods To explore the relation between female and perceived male attitudes toward the discontinuation of FGM/C we conducted a 3-step binary logistic regression model. Results Our results show that women are significantly less likely to favor a continuation of FGM/C if they think men are disapproving of the practice, compared to women that think men want it to continue. The strength of this association partially varies between the different levels of education as it is less pronounced at the level of secondary education, compared to the reference group. Discussion In alignment with previous findings in the literature, women were more likely to support the discontinuation of FGM/C if they believed that men want the practice to discontinue as well and vice versa. At a higher level of secondary education however this association is less pronounced. This result concludes that the role of perceived male attitudes should be an important factor associated with female ones and studied further, and underlines the importance of education in women empowerment.ZSABOKORSZKY, ZitaThu, 13 Jul 2023 21:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/exploring-the-association-between-perceived-male-attitudes-and-female-attitudes-toward-the-discontinuation-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-in-egypt/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/factors-linked-to-female-genital-mutilation-practice-among-women-living-in-alungu-village-of-mandera-county-kenya/ABSTRACT Background Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) is a harmful traditional practice with severe health complications, deeply rooted in many sub-Saharan African countries. In Kenya, the prevalence of FGM/C is 15% in women aged between 15 and 49 years. The Kenyan Somalis practice FGM/C with a prevalence above 90%. FGM/C practice continues to persist in Alungu village, Mandera County in the North Eastern of Kenya despite efforts by anti-FGM programs. However, the underlying factors behind FGM practice in the area have not been explored. Objective To assess factors contributing to female genital mutilation practice among women living in Alungu village of Mandera County, Kenya. Methods and materials This study utilised a descriptive cross sectional design. The study population was women of reproductive age (from 18 to 49 years) who resided in Alungu village in Mandera County, Kenya. A study sample of 98 women was selected using simple random sampling technique. Data was collected using a researcher-administered questionnaire and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Results Most of the respondents were aged 35 – 44 (45.8%), married (100%), had no formal education (74.7%) and had no formal employment (89.2%). All participants agreed that traditional beliefs, customs and rite of passage to womanhood contributed to FGM, 90.4% of the participants acknowledged that FGM is a symbol of ethnic identity and inclusivity. Factors affecting prevention of and response to FGM were low involvement of women in anti-FGM programs (91.6%); support for FGM by local leaders and elders (100%); failure by authorities to take action against those perpetuating FGM (100%); indifference to FGM practice continuation among local religious and political leaders (96.4%) and poor enforcement of existing laws against FGM (100%). Conclusion A wide range of socio-cultural factors did contribute to FGM practice among women living in Alungu village, Mandera County.SHEIKH, Mohammed MohammudWed, 12 Jul 2023 21:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/factors-linked-to-female-genital-mutilation-practice-among-women-living-in-alungu-village-of-mandera-county-kenya/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgmc-in-ethiopia-2016/Wed, 05 Jul 2023 09:31:20 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgmc-in-ethiopia-2016/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgmc-in-ethiopia/Wed, 05 Jul 2023 09:29:45 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgmc-in-ethiopia/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/factors-associated-with-the-perception-of-ease-and-intention-to-practice-female-genital-mutilation-on-daughters-a-cross-sectional-study-of-cross-border-communities-in-ethiopia-kenya-somalia-and-uganda/This study addresses cross-border female genital mutilation (FGM) practice, cross-border FGM takes place when communities cross national borders to perform FGM, circumvent laws and avoid prosecution. Using data from a recent cross-border study, this paper aims to identify factors associated with the perception of the ease of cross-border FGM and the intention to perform FGM on daughters and female relatives in the border communities of Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia and Uganda.Sat, 01 Jul 2023 20:43:21 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/factors-associated-with-the-perception-of-ease-and-intention-to-practice-female-genital-mutilation-on-daughters-a-cross-sectional-study-of-cross-border-communities-in-ethiopia-kenya-somalia-and-uganda/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-mauritania-2023-arabic/Fri, 30 Jun 2023 05:00:00 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-mauritania-2023-arabic/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-ethiopia-country-profile-update/This Country Profile Update provides comprehensive information on the most recent trends and data on female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) in Ethiopia. It includes an analysis of the current political situation, legal frameworks and programmes to make recommendations on how to move toward eradicating the practice. This report serves as an update to 28 Too Many’s 2013 Country Profile. The prevalence of FGM/C in Ethiopia appears to be decreasing. According to DHS reports, it has reduced from 79.9% of women aged 15–49 in 2000 to 74.3% in 2005 and to 65.2% in 2016. However, one concern is that the population of Ethiopia is growing, resulting in an increase in the number of girls at risk.THOMSON ShannonFri, 30 Jun 2023 05:00:00 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-ethiopia-country-profile-update/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-mauritania-short-report-2023-french/Fri, 30 Jun 2023 05:00:00 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-mauritania-short-report-2023-french/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilation-and-age-at-marriage-risk-factors-of-physical-abuse-for-women-in-sierra-leone/AbstractPurpose Sierra Leone, a post-confict sub-Saharan African country, has very high rates of intimate partner violence (IPV).Female genital mutilation (FGM) and early marriage are also common. Both practices can lead to negative health outcomes,and may increase vulnerability to IPV. The current study aims to contextualize IPV risk factors in Sierra Leone, a low-incomecountry in which empirical IPV research remains limited, by considering the intersection between age at FGM and age atmarriage.Method Analyzing data from the 2019 Sierra Leone Demographic and Health Surveys (N=3,324), we use logistic regression models to examine the association of age at FGM and age at marriage, controlling for IPV risk factors, with the odds ofwomen experiencing physical IPV. We consider the interaction between age at FGM and age at marriage, and incorporateage-specifc models in light of the civil war.Results FGM and age at marriage were not signifcantly associated with IPV, but those who were circumcised between 10– 14 years of age – when the practice traditionally occurs – were associated with higher odds of IPV. Among women aged29 and younger, women circumcised under the age of 10 and also married between the ages of 10–14 were most at risk.Conclusions The results ofer insight into the sociocultural practices and its association with IPV among Sierra Leoneanwomen, especially in light of civil war timing. Our fndings highlight the importance of considering the age at which thesepractices occur, as this may further exacerbate women’s vulnerability to IPV victimization.BAAK, Carlijn vanThu, 22 Jun 2023 21:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilation-and-age-at-marriage-risk-factors-of-physical-abuse-for-women-in-sierra-leone/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/amref-alternative-rites-of-passage-arp-model-for-female-genital-mutilationcutting-teenage-pregnancies-and-child-early-and-forced-marriages-in-kenya-a-stepped-wedge-cluster-randomised-controlled-trial-protocol/The Amref Alternative Rites of Passage (ARP) model was initiated in 2009. To date, about 20,000 girls have been supported by their communities to denounce female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) and graduate into ‘maturity’ through ARP. While this intervention has been implemented for decades, there is limited evidence of its effectiveness in ending FGM/C. In order to ascertain the effectiveness of this intervention, Amref has developed a digital tracking tool to follow up on girls who have and haven’t gone through the ARP. The key research question is: what effect does ARP have on incidences of FGM/C, teenage pregnancy and child, early and forced marriages among adolescent girls and young women? The study will adopt a stepped-wedge cluster randomised controlled trial design to assess the effectiveness of the ARP model on the incidence of FGM/C; teenage pregnancy; child, early and forced marriage; and educational attainment. We selected one cluster in Kajiado County where recent ARPs have been conducted as the intervention site at the beginning of the study and 3 wards/clusters in Narok County as control sites. Approximately 604 girls aged 10-18 years who reside in selected sites/clusters in Kajiado and Narok counties will be recruited and followed up for 3 years post-exposure. Quantitative data analysis will be conducted at bivariate and multivariate levels. Content/thematic analysis approach will be used to analyse qualitative data. The study obtained ethical approval from the Amref Ethics and Scientific Review Committee (AMREF-ESRC P1051-2021). The findings of this study will be shared with local, national and regional stakeholders working in ending FGM/C, teenage pregnancy, and child, early and forced marriages. Registration – Pan-African Clinical Trials Registry (PACTR202208731662190).ESHO TammaryTue, 20 Jun 2023 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/amref-alternative-rites-of-passage-arp-model-for-female-genital-mutilationcutting-teenage-pregnancies-and-child-early-and-forced-marriages-in-kenya-a-stepped-wedge-cluster-randomised-controlled-trial-protocol/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/on-the-fight-against-female-genital-mutilation-fgm-an-analysis-of-cultural-substitutes-as-strategies-for-collective-change-and-abandonment-in-c%C3%B4te-divoire-1/In Côte d'Ivoire, a review of data on FGM revealed that the repression of any attack on the integrity of a woman's genitals, by way of total or partial mutilation, excision and mechanisms put in place by the state in order to curb or contain the phenomenon by law n°98/757 promulgated on 23 December 1998. Despite this normative provision, the practice of excision still persists today and Côte d'Ivoire has a prevalence rate of 36.7% (MICS, 2016). This study, which will be carried out in 2021 and updated in 2022 on the basis of the MICS 2016, aims to examine the effectiveness of the policy to combat FGM and the institutional capacities of stakeholders to strengthen the effectiveness of their interventions in order to initiate the process of abandoning FGM. In terms of methodology, the study took place in Côte d'Ivoire, specifically in 20 villages in the health districts of Bouna, Bondoukou, Kong and Dabakala. 1120 people, 255 in Bouna, 259 in Bondoukou, 321 in Kong and 285 in Dabakala, took part in the interviews on the representations of FGM and the opportunities and possibilities of abandoning the phenomenon. Through an analysis of the content of the interviews, several interacting variables explain the persistence of the phenomenon, notably the clandestinity of the phenomenon, cross-border excision, the supernatural or mystic factors, ignorance of the law and the establishment of community mechanisms and their limitations. In short, the use of cultural substitutes is a possible and sustainable strategy for change.ROSELINE, SafieTue, 23 May 2023 21:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/on-the-fight-against-female-genital-mutilation-fgm-an-analysis-of-cultural-substitutes-as-strategies-for-collective-change-and-abandonment-in-c%C3%B4te-divoire-1/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/what-interventions-are-effective-to-prevent-or-respond-to-female-genital-mutilation-a-review-of-existing-evidence-from-20082020/AbstractAs the final decade of acceleration towards zero new cases of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM, SDG Target 5.3) by 2030 has begun, increasing the rigour, relevance, and utility of research for programming, policy development and resource allocation is critical. This study aimed to synthesize and assess the quality and strength of existing evidence on interventions designed to prevent or respond to FGM between 2008 and 2020.The study drew on a Rapid Evidence Assessment of the available literature on FGM interventions. The quality of studies was assessed using the ‘How to Note: Assessing the Strength of Evidence’ guidelines published by the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) and strength of evidence using a modified Gray scale developed by the What Works Association. Of the 7698 records retrieved, 115 studies met the inclusion criteria. Of the 115 studies, 106 were of high and moderate quality and were included in the final analysis. This review shows that at the system level, legislation-related interventions must be multifaceted to be effective. Whilst all levels would benefit from more research, for the service level especially more research is needed into how the health system can effectively prevent and respond to FGM. Community-level interventions are effective for changing attitudes towards FGM, but more must be done to innovate with these interventions so that they move beyond affecting attitudes alone to creating behaviour change. At the individual level, formal education is effective in reducing FGM prevalence among girls. However, the returns of formal education in ending FGM may take many years to be realized. Interventions targeting intermediate outcomes, such as improvement in knowledge and change in attitudes and beliefs towards FGM, are equally needed at the individual level.MATANDA Dennis J.Tue, 16 May 2023 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/what-interventions-are-effective-to-prevent-or-respond-to-female-genital-mutilation-a-review-of-existing-evidence-from-20082020/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/an-overview-of-the-knowledge-and-the-practice-of-female-genital-mutilation-among-adult-women-in-ondo-state-south-western-nigeria/AbstractThe practice of female genital mutilation (FGM) is one of the very significant health and human right issues in the world according to UNICEF. A qualitative research methodological and in-depth interview of one hundred and twenty informants were used to investigate FGM’s knowledge and practice in Ondo state, southwestern Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select the participants from the study population. The findings of the study revealed that the majority of the residents are aware of FGM as it is being widely practiced by traditional birth attendants, an health officials. The study also confirmed that the majority of the respondents are of the opinions that FGM reduces promiscuity, initiates young girls into womanhood; ensures spiritual cleansing; enhances fertility and prevents instant mortality while the majority have inadequate knowledge about the untoward health consequences of the practice. The study concluded that there is high rate of prevalence and poor understanding of the harmful effects of FGM. It is therefore recommended that certain collaborative measures which include aggressive enlightenment programmes. Among the communities, enactment of laws as punitive measures for the practitioners of government policy re-engineering and early education of girl’s children on FGM among others have to be implemented to eliminate the scourge in society.OLUFUNKE, Taiwo MonisolaThu, 04 May 2023 21:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/an-overview-of-the-knowledge-and-the-practice-of-female-genital-mutilation-among-adult-women-in-ondo-state-south-western-nigeria/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/prevalence-knowledge-attitude-motivators-and-intentional-practice-of-female-genital-mutilation-among-women-of-reproductive-age-a-community-based-analytical-cross-sectional-study-in-tanzania/Background To harmonize and enhance economic growth at the individual, family, community, and national levels, healthy women embody the guardian of family health and a healthy world. They are anticipated to have the freedom to choose their identity in opposition to female genital mutilation in a thoughtful, responsible, and informed manner. Despite restrictive traditions and culture, it is unclear from the available information what exactly would be the drivers of FGM practices in Tanzania from an individual or social perspective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate female genital mutilation among women of reproductive age in terms of its frequency, knowledge, attitudes, and purposeful practice. Methods Three hundred twenty-four randomly selected Tanzanian women of reproductive age were studied using a community-based analytical cross-sectional study design quantitatively. Structured questionnaires from earlier studies that were delivered by interviewers were utilized to gather information from the study participants. The statistical software package Statistical Packages for Social Science was used to examine the data. (SPSS v.23). A 5% significance threshold was used with a 95% confidence interval. Result A total of 324 women of reproductive age participated in the study with a 100% response rate with a mean age of 25 ± 7.481 years. Findings revealed that 81.8% ( n  = 265) of study participants were mutilated. 85.6% ( n  = 277) of women had inadequate knowledge about FGM, and 75.9% ( n  = 246) had a negative attitude toward it. However, 68.8% ( n  = 223) of them were willing to practice FGM. Their age (36–49 years) (AOR = 2.053; p  < 0.014; 95%CI: 0.704, 4.325), single women (AOR = 2.443; p  < 0.029; 95%CI: 1.376, 4.572), never go to school (AOR = 2.042; p  < 0.011; 95%CI: 1.726, 4.937), housewives (AOR = 1.236; p  < 0.012; 95%CI: 0.583, 3.826), extended family (AOR = 1.436; p  < 0.015; 95%CI: 0.762, 3.658), inadequate knowledge (AOR = 2.041; p  < 0.038; 95%CI: 0.734, 4.358) and negative attitude (AOR = 2.241; p  < 0.042;95%CI: 1.008, 4.503) were significantly associated to practice female genital mutilation. Conclusion The study observed that the rate of female genital mutilation was significantly high and still, women demonstrated the intention to continue practicing it. However, their sociodemographic characteristic profiles, inadequate knowledge, and negative attitude towards FGM were significantly linked with the prevalence. The private agencies, local organizations, the Ministry of Health, and community health workers are alerted to the findings of the current study to design and develop interventions and awareness-raising campaigns for women of reproductive age against female genital mutilation.MWANJA Charlotte H.Thu, 04 May 2023 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/prevalence-knowledge-attitude-motivators-and-intentional-practice-of-female-genital-mutilation-among-women-of-reproductive-age-a-community-based-analytical-cross-sectional-study-in-tanzania/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-polemic-of-female-circumcision-in-garut-west-java-indonesia-clash-of-culture-and-regional-policy/AbstractFemale circumcision remains a social issue in Muslim society, along with the rise of gender-based violence cases in Indonesia. It has became rather a polemic after regional policy on that matter was issued inconsistently. This study aimed to determine the polemic of female circumcision in Garut Regency based on cultural and regional policy analysis. The study utilized qualitative method with an ethnographic approach. The data taken were based on primary data and secondary data. Data collection techniques used were interviews and literature that supports the research. The results obtained in this study are that the polemic about female circumcision occurs because of differences in views based on fatwa so that society constructs female circumcision subjectively. Differences in the belief in the concept of female circumcision, which has become a culture in society, and the different techniques or processes for implementing female circumcision have resulted in the development of perceptions of female circumcision. The inconsistency of the policies of the Minister of Health Regulations makes the community have a bias towards pros and cons by the paradigm of religious leaders, parents, gender activists, and health workers.SETIATI AtuMon, 01 May 2023 21:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-polemic-of-female-circumcision-in-garut-west-java-indonesia-clash-of-culture-and-regional-policy/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/seroprevalence-and-risk-factors-of-sexually-transmitted-blood-borne-infections-among-pregnant-women-attending-antenatal-care-in-jirapa-upper-west-region-of-ghana/Background Sexually transmitted blood-borne infections (STBBIs) contribute to negative outcomes of pregnancy. Hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and syphilis infections in pregnancy contribute significantly to maternal and child morbidities and mortalities. This study assessed the prevalence, knowledge, and risk factors of STBBIs (HBV, HCV, HIV, and syphilis) among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Jirapa. Methods A cross-sectional study design involving 246 pregnant women was employed for the study. A structured questionnaire was used to solicit information about the knowledge, prevalence, and risk factors of STBBIs. Results The overall prevalence of STBBIs was 11.4%; HBV prevalence was 9.8% and 0.8% each for HCV, HIV, and syphilis. About 66% of mothers were aware of mother-to-child transmission of infections during pregnancy. Knowledge of transmission of HIV (93.9%), hepatitis (67.1%), and syphilis (53.7%) in pregnancy was relatively high. Knowledge of risk factors for HIV, hepatitis, and syphilis was 97.6%, 74.4%, and 76.0%, respectively. More than 98% of respondents knew about the prevention of HIV, hepatitis, and syphilis. Significant risk factors associated with and predictive of STBBIs were female genital mutilation (FGM) and gravidity. Conclusion The occurrence of STBBIs among pregnant women was strongly associated with FGM and gravidity. Public health education should be directed at stopping the practice of FGM and improving reproductive health in the study area.KUUGBEE Eugene D.Sun, 30 Apr 2023 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/seroprevalence-and-risk-factors-of-sexually-transmitted-blood-borne-infections-among-pregnant-women-attending-antenatal-care-in-jirapa-upper-west-region-of-ghana/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/advancing-the-measurement-of-knowledge-attitudes-and-practices-of-health-workers-who-care-for-women-and-girls-who-have-undergone-female-genital-mutilation-cutting-fgmc-a-qualitative-exploration-of-expert-opinion/AbstractBackgroundFemale genital mutilation or cutting (FGM/C) is a social norm driven practice associated with numerous adverse health complications. Existing assessment tools for health workers are limited by lack of a clear framework for what constitutes the critical knowledge, attitudes, and practices that impact FGM/C prevention and care. The aim of this study was to explore expert opinion of the knowledge, attitudes, and practices for FGM/C-related prevention and care that can be used to inform the development of future KAP measurement tools. MethodsWe conducted 32 semi-structured individual interviews with global clinical and research experts on FGM/C from 30 countries including participants from Africa, Australia/ New Zealand, Europe, the Middle East, and North America. Interview questions explored areas of knowledge, attitudes, and practices that influence FGM/C-related prevention and care activities. We used the directed content analysis methodology for the qualitative data analysis. ResultsWe identified six categories of knowledge, six of practice, and seven of attitudes that contribute to FGM/C-related prevention and care. Areas of knowledge included: general knowledge about FGM/C; who is at risk for experiencing FGM/C; support for FGM/C; female genital anatomy/ physiology; health complications of FGM/C; management of health complications of FGM/C; ethical and legal considerations for the treatment and prevention of FGM/C, and patient-health worker communication. Areas of practice included: clinical procedures and protocols; management of complications; defibulation; other surgical procedures for FGM/C; pediatric care (including prevention); and patient-centered care. Participants described health worker attitudes that may affect how prevention and care activities are delivered and/or received including attitudes toward: the perceived benefits of FGM/C; harms of FGM/C; ethical considerations related to FGM/C medicalization, prevention, and treatment; providing care for FGM/C-affected clients; women and girls who have experienced FGM/C; communities that practice FGM/C; and affective response to FGM/C. We also present participant perspectives on the ways in which knowledge, attitudes, and practice interact impacting the type and quality of care provided to those affected by FGM/C. ConclusionsThis study identified specific areas of knowledge, attitudes, and practices in FGM/C prevention and care that are important to include in future evaluation metrics. Future KAP tools should be theoretically informed using the framework we present, and assessed for validity and reliability using psychometrically rigorous methods. Developers of KAP tools should consider the hypothesized relationships between knowledge, attitudes, and practices.MAREA, ChristinaThu, 27 Apr 2023 22:58:12 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/advancing-the-measurement-of-knowledge-attitudes-and-practices-of-health-workers-who-care-for-women-and-girls-who-have-undergone-female-genital-mutilation-cutting-fgmc-a-qualitative-exploration-of-expert-opinion/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-mauritania-short-report-2023-english/Fri, 21 Apr 2023 12:18:47 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-mauritania-short-report-2023-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-chad-short-report-2019-english/Wed, 19 Apr 2023 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-chad-short-report-2019-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-practice-of-female-genital-mutilation-in-africa-and-the-challenges-facing-its-eradication-nigeria-as-a-case-study/Female genital mutilation (FGM) has continued to thrive across several countries of the world, remaining a rampant practice despite humanitarian and public health efforts to abolish it. FGM is currently estimated to affect over 200 million females globally, with Nigeria having the highest absolute numbers of cases of FGM in Africa. This review highlights the prevalence of FGM in Nigeria and across Africa, using the latest data available through PubMed and other electronic database with the aid of Google search engine. It aims to discuss the impacts of the humanitarian efforts and national policies toward the abolition of FGM in Nigeria over the years as well as the challenges facing the abandonment of this practice. Studies have shown a decline in the prevalence of FGM over the years, however it still continues to thrive and pose significant public health challenge in Nigeria and across Africa, violating fundamental human rights of women and the girl-child. Socio-cultural belief has been found to contribute significantly to the continuity of this harmful practice. Ensuring the implementation of essential government policies, inter-sectorial collaborations and the continuous sensitization of the general public are vital to the elimination of FGM in Nigeria and across Africa.NWAKAMA ChijinduSat, 01 Apr 2023 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-practice-of-female-genital-mutilation-in-africa-and-the-challenges-facing-its-eradication-nigeria-as-a-case-study/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-nigeria-country-profile-update-2023-english/This Country Profile Update provides comprehensive information on the most recent trends and data on FGM/C in Nigeria. It includes an analysis of the current political situation, legal frameworks and programmes to make recommendations on how to move towards eradicating the practice. This report serves as an update to 28 Too Many’s 2006 Country Profile.  The prevalence of FGM/C in Nigeria appears to be decreasing. In 2013, 24.8% of women aged 15–49 years had been cut, and in 2018 this figure was down to 19.5%. In 2018, 13.7% of women in Nigeria aged 15–19 had undergone FGM/C, as opposed to 31.0% of women aged 45–49. However, there is some evidence from interviews conducted in Nigeria that at least part of the reported decrease is due to social desirability bias and community self-surveillance of cutting, as a result of which women will be more reluctant to report that they have been cut.THOMSON ShannonWed, 15 Mar 2023 06:00:00 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-nigeria-country-profile-update-2023-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilationcutting-incidence-diagnostic-capacities-and-obstetric-outcomes-among-migrant-women-a-single-center-retrospective-analysis-in-a-10-year-birth-cohort-in-austria/Practical experience in the care of women with female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is uncommon in Austria. However, affected women require specialized gynecological and obstetric care. In our region, there is currently neither an official counseling center nor specially trained medical personnel to address the special needs of women after FGM/C. The aim of this study was to determine the potential need for obstetric care for women who have undergone FGM/C in our region. We retrospectively reviewed women presenting for delivery at the LKH University Hospital Graz from 1.1.2010 until 31.12.2020 regarding the place of birth and/or the nationality of the mother to filter out women from a country with known FGM/C prevalence according to the UNICEF Global Database. Data on the documentation of FGM/C as well as demographic maternal data and peripartal parameters were gathered. Periods before and after the European refugee crisis in 2015 were compared. During the study period, a total of 35,628 deliveries took place at our hospital. 856 (2.4%) deliveries of 539 women were included due to nationality or birthplace in a country with known FGM/C prevalence. We found only 17/539 (3.2%) documented FGM/C cases. The estimated FGM/C prevalence among those patients was, however, 208/539 (38,6%). Women affected by FGM/C in our collective were most frequently from Nigeria, Egypt, Iraq, Ghana, and Somalia. No statistically significant increase in deliveries during the study period in the overall study cohort was observed, with the exception of deliveries of Somali women (p = 0.000). The discrepancy between documented and expected FGM/C rates (3,2% vs. 38,6%) in our collective suggests that most cases of FGM/C go undetected among women delivering in Austria. These data show the great need for special training for obstetricians and targeted contact points for affected women.TAUMBERGER N.Tue, 10 Jan 2023 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilationcutting-incidence-diagnostic-capacities-and-obstetric-outcomes-among-migrant-women-a-single-center-retrospective-analysis-in-a-10-year-birth-cohort-in-austria/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/factors-associated-with-the-perception-of-ease-and-intention-to-practise-female-genital-mutilation-on-daughters-a-cross-sectional-study-of-cross-border-communities-in-ethiopia-kenya-somalia-and-uganda/Cross-border female genital mutilation (FGM) takes place when communities cross national borders to perform FGM, circumvent laws and avoid prosecution. Using data from a recent cross-border study, this report aims to identify factors associated with the perception of the ease of cross-border FGM and the intention to perform FGM on daughters and female relatives in the border communities of Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia and Uganda. A mixed-methods approach collected data from 1,483 respondents and 63 focus group discussions and used a logistic regression model for quantitative analysis and thematic analysis of qualitative data. Along borders such as those between Kenya and Somalia, and between Kenya and the United Republic of Tanzania, the majority of respondents stated that FGM laws and penalties are not adequately enforced. Along all borders, respondents who viewed cross-border FGM as easy to carry out had 2.6 times higher odds of intending to practise it. Significant factors influencing FGM intention included the perception that it was easier in border areas, the weak implementation of laws, having a female relative with FGM and the lack of a penalty for practising FGM. These factors differed across borders, however. Interventions targeting families with a history of FGM, the enactment and enforcement of laws specific to border areas in ways that reflect diverse contexts and collaborative efforts by governments across borders could help address the practice.Sun, 01 Jan 2023 22:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/factors-associated-with-the-perception-of-ease-and-intention-to-practise-female-genital-mutilation-on-daughters-a-cross-sectional-study-of-cross-border-communities-in-ethiopia-kenya-somalia-and-uganda/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/chapter-8-female-genital-cutting-in-asia-the-case-of-malaysia/8.1 IntroductionThis chapter is based on research conducted by the authors among the Malay Women Muslim communities (Rashid & Iguchi 2019) and Muslim doctors (Rashid et al. 2020). A mixed-method (qualitative and quantitative) study was conducted among Malay Muslim women aged 18 years and older in the rural areas of Kedah and Penang, two states located in the Northern region of Peninsular Malaysia; and among Muslim medical practitioners registered as members in two major medical associations in Malaysia. In total 605 Malay Muslim women data and 366 Muslim doctors’ data were used for analysis. The qualitative component of the study included face-toface interviews using semi-structured interview guides and using snowball sampling method until data saturation was achieved. Eight traditional midwives, known as Mak Bidans in Malay, practice or had practiced FGC and 24 doctors who had experience performing FGC were interviewed in depth. Focus group discussions were also conducted with seven participants each from two groups of women (aged 18–45 and more than 45 years old) and one group of adult married men. In-depth interviews were held with two Muftis (religious scholars or jurists qualified to issue Islamic legal opinions). No focus group discussion was held with the doctors. This study was ethically conducted and all the participants provided a written informed consent. The research only commenced after receiving the ethical approval from Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University Research Ethics Committee.RASHID AbdulSun, 01 Jan 2023 22:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/chapter-8-female-genital-cutting-in-asia-the-case-of-malaysia/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/we-are-not-like-them-reinventing-modernity-within-tradition-in-the-debates-on-female-khatna-female-genital-cutting-in-india/AbstractSince 2011, female khatna, or the practice of female genital cutting within the Dawoodi Bohra community, has become a big topic of debate in India and globally. The ‘secret’ tradition has been challenged by community activists, tabled in parliament, heard by international courts of law and debated on news channels. In response, a growing number of Bohra women have come to the fore to publicly defend their right to khatna by subverting seemingly Western tropes of autonomy, equality and modernity. Situated in the thick of these polarised exchanges, this article examines the complicated, under-explored relationship between gender and Islam by foregrounding self-narratives of the Bohra women who actively participate within, as opposed to fight against, patriarchal norms to preserve the tradition. I juxtapose their narratives with those of anti-khatna activists to further contextualise and clarify their ‘modern-yet-traditional’ subjectivities. As such, this article combines a postcolonial feminist lens with Eric Hobsbawm’s notion of ‘invention of tradition’, to investigate the multiple ways in which a majority of Bohra women are using the rhetoric of ‘modernity’ in public—by reinventing history, renegotiating patriarchies, reimagining the other and incorporating biomedicine—to preserve and perpetuate this contested tradition.SUBRAMANIAN, Reetika RevathySun, 01 Jan 2023 22:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/we-are-not-like-them-reinventing-modernity-within-tradition-in-the-debates-on-female-khatna-female-genital-cutting-in-india/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-nigeria-key-findings-2023-english/Sun, 01 Jan 2023 21:43:44 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-nigeria-key-findings-2023-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/spatially-varying-intergenerational-changes-in-the-prevalence-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-in-nigeria-lessons-learnt-from-a-recent-household-survey/Considering the concerted investments in anti-female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) campaigns championed by the Nigerian government and non-governmental organizations, research findings suggest that reduction in intergenerational (mother-to-daughter) prevalence of FGM/C in Nigeria has been very slow. What can we learn from the 2018 Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey (2018 NDHS) about the roles of the key drivers of mother-to-daughter FGM/C prevalence in Nigeria? Here, drawing upon the 2018 NDHS dataset, we provided a context-specific study on the geographical patterns and the enabling factors of intergenerational trends in FGM/C among Nigerian women aged 15 – 49 years and their daughters aged 0 – 14 years. Using Bayesian semi-parametric geo-additive regression model, we simultaneously controlled for the effects of individual-level, community-level and unobserved geographical factors. We learnt that although there has been an overall decline in mother-to-daughter prevalence of FGM/C, the practice persists in Nigeria largely due to geographical location and social norm related factors – risk was high among daughters of circumcised women and daughters of women who supported the continuation of FGM/C. We identified Kano, Kaduna, Imo and Bauchi states as the hotspots and there was an increased risk of FGM/C among daughters of women who lived in the neigbouring states of Jigawa and Yobe. Daughters of circumcised women were about 2.7 times more likely to be cut. We recommend the development of tailored community-level interventions targeting circumcised women in the hotspot states and their neighbours to ensure a total eradication of female circumcision in Nigeria by the year 2030.NNANATU Chibuzor ChristopherTue, 20 Dec 2022 14:41:21 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/spatially-varying-intergenerational-changes-in-the-prevalence-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-in-nigeria-lessons-learnt-from-a-recent-household-survey/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/obstetric-outcome-of-female-genital-mutilation-in-the-gambia-an-observational-study/Abstract:Background: A 2010 survey in The Gambia among women of reproductive age put the prevalence rate of FGM/C at 76.3%. FGM/C was banned in 2015, but there is no real effort at enforcement of the ban. This study aimed to provide national data on obstetric outcomes to support advocacy and health education. A multicentre observational study to assess the obstetric and neonatal outcomes of parturient women with and without FGM/C was carried out across 4 healthcare facilities in The Gambia. The primary outcome was postpartum haemorrhage (>500ml) and secondary outcomes were caesarean section, perineal tears (including episiotomy), neonatal resuscitation and perinatal death.Of the 1,569 participants recruited into the study, 23% had no FGM/C while 77% had FGM/C of varying severity. The riskof postpartum haemorrhage was doubled for women with type I FGM/C, tripled in type II FGM/C and increased by 5-foldfor those with type III and IV FGM/C. Caesarean section and perineal tears were also increased. FGM/C was associated with increased risk for neonatal resuscitation and perinatal death. FGM/C is associated with poor obstetric and neonatal outcomes in the Gambia with degree of risk correlating with the severity of FGM/CIDOKO PatrickThu, 01 Dec 2022 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/obstetric-outcome-of-female-genital-mutilation-in-the-gambia-an-observational-study/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/circumcising-daughters-in-nigeria-to-what-extent-does-education-influence-mothers-fgmc-continuation-attitudes/Education has been adjudged as an important behavioural change intervention and a key player in combating Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C). An assumed pathway is that it influences FGM/C attitudes. However, empirical evidence that explores this assumption is scarce. Hence, our study examines whether the associative effect of FGM/C continuation attitudes on circumcision of daughters is influenced by the level of a mother’s education in Nigeria. We extracted data from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). The study focused on youngest daughters that were born in the last five years preceding the survey. A sample of 5,039 children with complete data on variables of interest to the study were analysed. The main outcome variable for this study is “circumcision among youngest daughters”. The key explanatory variables were maternal “FGM/C continuation attitudes” and “education”. At 95% confidence interval, we conducted a two-level logistic regression modelling and introduced interaction between the key independent variables. In the study’s sample, the prevalence of FGM/C was 34%. It was lower for daughters whose mothers had higher education (12%) and believe FGM/C should discontinue (11.1%). Results from the multivariate analysis show statistically significant odds of circumcision for a daughter whose mother has had higher education and believes FGM/C should discontinue (OR-0.28, 95%CI: 0.08–0.98). For women who believe FGM/C should discontinue, the probability of daughter’s circumcision reduced by 40% if the mother has attained higher education. Among those who believe FGM/C should continue, the probability of daughter’s circumcision worsened if the mother had attained higher education (64%), however, this result was influenced by mothers’ experience of circumcision. Education influences FGM/C attitudes, nonetheless, women’s cutting experience can be a conduit for which the practice persists. Promoting female education should be accompanied by strong political commitment towards enforcing laws on FGM/C practice.ACKAH Josephine AkuaFri, 18 Nov 2022 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/circumcising-daughters-in-nigeria-to-what-extent-does-education-influence-mothers-fgmc-continuation-attitudes/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/listening-to-refugee-and-vulnerable-migrant-women-of-somali-origin-about-the-bodily-and-psychosocial-consequences-of-female-genital-mutilation-in-germany/Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) states that an expected 200 million women have experienced female genital mutilation (FGM) in Africa. The types of cutting vary depending on the individual’s society or location, with four different types presently being practised. The Horn of Africa comprises Somalia, Djibouti, Kenya, Eritrea and Ethiopia, and WHO has listed the following four countries in order of prevalence of FGM practice, with Somalia at 98%, followed by Ethiopia at 92%, Djibouti at 93% and Eritrea at 89% of the female population. In addition to efforts being made to eradicate FGM by WHO, Non-governmental organisations, governments and women organisations, there is also a demand from those who have already undergone this procedure, whether they are in Africa or elsewhere in the world for help with the biopsychosocial consequences of FGM. Method: This paper presents the findings of a mixed-method study on the views of a group of vulnerable migrant women with FGM, as well as healthcare practitioners, who consider that there is an unmet demand for better interculturally sensitive healthcare in their adopted country – Germany. The mixed method study comprised the participation of 48 female volunteers over 18 years of age, recruited with the help of Somali social workers. Using the Metaplan and a quantitative questionnaire, five workshops were conducted in the German towns of Fulda (N=16), Rathenau (N=9), Kassel (N=13) and Berlin (N=10). Results: The investigation in Germany was conducted as part of MyHealth, which was a larger European project aimed at improving the healthcare access of vulnerable migrants and refugees (women and unaccompanied minors) newly arrived in Europe, by developing and implementing models based on information gained from a European multidisciplinary Learning Alliance. The overall data gathered revealed a high demand for information and attention to the issue of FGM by both the participants and healthcare professionals. The interaction during data gathering is also suggested a transfer of knowledge between the researchers and the participants, with the result that participants felt they had been heard and were then able to engage with the German healthcare system. Discussion: The study highlights the fact that the provision of healthcare in the host country can be improved by providing healthcare workers with intercultural communication skills, tools and cultural awareness training approaches. Moreover, these types of interventions could be adapted to help other vulnerable groups in different healthcare systems worldwide, particularly women’s issues such as postnatal depression, FGM and menopause.SCHOULER-OCAK MeryamThu, 17 Nov 2022 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/listening-to-refugee-and-vulnerable-migrant-women-of-somali-origin-about-the-bodily-and-psychosocial-consequences-of-female-genital-mutilation-in-germany/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilation-practice-associated-factors-and-its-consequences-on-womens-reproductive-health-in-senegal/Female genital mutilation (FGM) practice is unhygienic and unhealthy traditional practices which have affected girls and women’s health adversely for all-time, and such practice is prevalent in many African countries. This study intended to examine factors associated with the FGM prevalence, attitudes toward the discontinuation of the practice, and consequences of FGM practice on reproductive health in terms of sexual transmitted infections/symptoms (STIs/STSs) among women of reproductive ages in Senegal. To fulfill the study objective on factors associated the prevalence of FGM and attitudes toward the continuation of FGM practice, the 2019 Senegal Demographic Health Survey (DHS) data sets were used based on binary logit and multinomial logit regression models. The results show that rural areas, married women, women of Muslim religion, Poular women, women of lower education and lower wealth, and women who were never exposed to social media reported a higher prevalence rate of FGM and were more likely to support continuation of FGM practice. To fulfill the research goal on consequences of FGM practice on STIs/STSs, the 2010 – 2011 DHS was employed because the 2019 DHS did not collect data on STIs/STSs. FGM practice was associated with lower knowledge about STIs/STSs and higher prevalence of STIs/STSs. Our findings suggest that education promotion, poverty reduction, rural development, and dissemination of the adverse consequences of FGM practice could help reduce FGM practices. These findings could have important implications for achieving the sustainable development goals.RAWAT RamuThu, 17 Nov 2022 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilation-practice-associated-factors-and-its-consequences-on-womens-reproductive-health-in-senegal/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/an-insider-outsider-approach-to-understanding-the-prevalence-of-female-genital-mutilation-in-pusiga-in-the-upper-east-region-of-ghana/Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) as a form of gender-related violence continues to thrive within communities and across borders, with (under)reported prevalence among communities in the diaspora. Reports of FGM/C among communities in the diaspora speak to the socio-cultural and religious factors which promote its prevalence. Successful interventions offer alternatives such as rites of passage to the socio-cultural-religious prospects offered by FGM/C to practicing communities. This suggests the need for a critical approach to research methods that engage intimately with the worldview of communities practicing FGM/C while inferring implications for designing health-promotion interventions in specific contexts. This paper draws on the insider and outsider approach to positionality to assess the factors accounting for the prevalence of FGM/C in Pusiga (3.8% nationally and 27.8% in Pusiga) in the Upper East Region of Ghana while inferring lessons for designing health promotion interventions. Applying a phenomenological qualitative design guided by focus groups and interviews, we draw on the insider approach to present a contextually and culturally sensitive report of five survivors, five non-survivors, and ten religious leaders on factors that account for the prevalence of FGM/C. Next, we assume an outsider approach to infer implications based on participants’ perspectives for designing health promotion interventions to curb FGM/C. The findings suggest shifting from socio-cultural-religious factors to economic undertones underpinning FGM/C. Inter-generational differences also vary attitudes toward FGM/C. We recommend a systematic approach to health promotion that addresses FGM/C’s deep socio-cultural and economic, religious underpinnings of FGM/C in Pusiga. The insider–outsider continuum in feminist research provides a powerful approach to producing knowledge on contextual factors that account for FGM/C in particular settings.OCRAN Benedict EkowWed, 16 Nov 2022 15:46:06 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/an-insider-outsider-approach-to-understanding-the-prevalence-of-female-genital-mutilation-in-pusiga-in-the-upper-east-region-of-ghana/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/empowering-communities-against-harmful-social-practices-through-integrated-water-hygiene-and-sanitation-and-alternative-rites-of-passage-model-in-kajiado-county-kenya/Background: In Kajiado County, water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions have been independently implemented in communities that have been targeted with sexual health rights interventions. This approach only achieves a set of disjointed achievements and thus the need for integration. This project implemented and tested the effectiveness of the Integrated Water Hygiene and Sanitation and Sexual Reproductive Health Rights (SRHR)Model to address harmful practices against young girls in the county. This model was implemented on the assumption that addressing a pressing need of the community through providing access to Water hygiene and sanitation services provides a platform to discuss SRHR matters leading to positive change towards WASH and SRHR behaviours such as reduction of FGM, teenage pregnancies and early forced marriages. Methods: A before and after design that compared baseline and endline evaluation data was used to establish the effectiveness of the model. The study was conducted in 4 sub-counties. Data was collected through household surveys. Adolescent Girls and Young Women (AGYW) aged 10-24 years were included. Data were analysed using proportions, frequencies, odds ratios, and adjusted odds ratios. Results: Prevalence of FGM/C dropped to 55.2% from 91% at baseline. More circumcised women (79.5% end line; 28% at baseline) reported that they wished they had not been circumcised. An increase in participants who had ever heard messages of ARP (91.6% end line; 47% baseline) was reported. Approximately 98.1% believed that ARP is acceptable to the community as a means of progressing girls to womanhood. Young girls and Women were more likely to undergo FGM/C if they did not have access to a toilet (AOR, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.50 to 3.59), had never heard of ARP (AOR, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.54 to 4.04) and were not sure if ARP would be acceptable in the community (AOR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.27 to 0.97). Odds of ever being circumcised were less likely among those that stated that FGC should not continue (AOR, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.81) and had been part of the intervention (AOR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.17 to 0.38). Conclusions: There is a link between addressing WASH gaps (community-felt needs) in Kajiado and the reduction of FGM/C. Addressing community pressing needs provides a platform to address sensitive social-cultural practices. Recommendations of further studies to explore contextual factors that affect the implementation of this model.MBOGO BernardTue, 15 Nov 2022 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/empowering-communities-against-harmful-social-practices-through-integrated-water-hygiene-and-sanitation-and-alternative-rites-of-passage-model-in-kajiado-county-kenya/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/turning-the-tide-on-female-genital-mutilation-in-a-high-prevalence-country-a-programmatic-data-analysis-for-sudans-comprehensive-health-sector-response-20162018/Sudan has about 87% of females aged 15–49 years living with female genital mutilation (FGM), mostly performed by midwives (64%). In 2016, the Federal Ministry of Health (FMoH) adopted the WHO’s global strategy to stop healthcare providers from performing FGM. Our review of activity reports from 2016 to 2018 found the format of activities (N=95) was mainly meetings (58%) and trainings (31%) with median costs of US$10 645 and US$14 964, respectively. The FMoH (57%) and student/professional associations (25%) implemented activities at national (36%) and state (62%) level. The costs of activities were highest for FMoH compared with student/professional associations and academia, respectively. Sudan addressed WHO’s global strategy pillars through FGM-related policies and plans (pillar 1), trainings (pillar 2) and monitoring, evaluation and accountability materials (pillar 3) targeting mainly community midwives (N=16 183) as well as creating supportive legislative and regulatory environment (pillar 4). Governmental funding on training was comparable to donor’s resulting into 31% of community midwives trained on FGM complications management. Further, 31% of community midwives signed declarations or petitions to end FGM practice, while 19% were sensitised on punitive administrative measures for conducting FGM. Although Sudan implemented a laudable health sector response to address FGM, there is a need to evaluate the quality and effectiveness of past and ongoing interventions. Particular attention to costs and quality assurance data is essential to identify cost efficient implementation approaches to reach the remaining sizeable number of health professionals to stop their involvement in FGM.AHMED WisalSat, 01 Oct 2022 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/turning-the-tide-on-female-genital-mutilation-in-a-high-prevalence-country-a-programmatic-data-analysis-for-sudans-comprehensive-health-sector-response-20162018/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/harmful-cultural-traditions-an-analysis-of-female-circumcision-practice-in-maldives/ABSTRACTFemale circumcision affects the lives of millions of girls and women worldwide. This study assessed the demographic and socioeconomic factors associated with the occurrence of female circumcision among women age 15–49 in Maldives. Based on data from the 2016–17 Maldives Demographic and Health Survey, this study used bivariate and logistic regression analyses to examine the characteristics associated with the occurrence of female circumcision. Among all respondents, 17% of the 5,943 women who have heard of female circumcision reported having undergone the procedure. The findings revealed that there is a significant difference in female circumcision by age, education, occupation, and attitudes towards female circumcision. Furthermore, most circumcisions occurred before age 5, and were highest in Malé and the South and North regions. The variables related to opinions were most strongly associated with female circumcision. Compared to women who did not hold these opinions, women who believed that female circumcision is required by their religion or that the practice of female circumcision should continue had more than twice the odds of being circumcised. In addition, crosstabulations of the opinion variables with age and region have found that the highest proportion of women who held these beliefs were age 25–39 and lived in Malé. Therefore, we recommend further research and encouragement to enact policies and legislation that would eliminate the practice of female circumcision in Maldives.IBRAHIM FazeelaThu, 01 Sep 2022 21:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/harmful-cultural-traditions-an-analysis-of-female-circumcision-practice-in-maldives/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-global-prevalence-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis-of-national-regional-facility-and-school-based-studies/Background Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is a nonmedical procedure entailing the modification of the external female genitalia. A description of the prevalence and distribution of FGM/C allows the tracking of progress toward ending FGM/C by 2030 (Sustainable Development Goal (SDG): target 5.3). This systematic review aimed to examine FGM/C prevalence and types, by World Health Organization (WHO) region and country. Methods and findings A systematic search using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and keywords from 2009 to March 24, 2022 was undertaken in MEDLINE, PubMED, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Embase to identify studies presenting FGM/C prevalence. Abstract and full-text screening, quality assessment, and data extraction were undertaken by 2 reviewers. Only nationally representative studies were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled FGM/C prevalence was estimated by random-effects meta-analysis using generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs). FGM/C prevalence with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), prediction intervals (PIs), and FGM/C type were presented separately by women aged 15 to 49 years and girls aged 0 to 14 years. A total of 163 studies met the inclusion criteria and 30 were included in the meta-analysis, of which 23 were from the WHO African Region (AFR), 6 from the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR), and 1 from the South East Asian Region (SEAR). These studies included data from 406,068 women across 30 countries and 296,267 girls across 25 countries; the pooled prevalence estimate of FGM/C among women aged 15 to 49 years was 36.9% (95% CI: 19.6% to 58.3%; PI: 0.4% to 99.0%), and 8.27% (95% CI: 3.7% to 17.3%; PI: 0.1% to 89.3%) among girls aged 0 to 14 years. Among included countries, this gave a total estimated prevalence of 84,650,032 women (95% CI: 45,009,041 to 133,834,224) and 13,734,845 girls with FGM/C (95% CI: 6,211,405 to 28,731,901). Somalia had the highest FGM/C prevalence among women (99.2%), and Mali had the highest among girls (72.7%). The most common type of FGM/C among women was “flesh removed” (Type I or II) in 19 countries. Among girls, “not sewn closed” (Type I, II, or IV) and “flesh removed” (Type I or II) were the most common types in 8 countries, respectively. Among repeated nationally representative studies, FGM/C decreased for both women and girls in 26 countries. The main limitation of the study methodology is that estimates were based on available published data, which may not reflect the actual global prevalence of FGM/C. Conclusions In this study, we observed large variation in FGM/C prevalence between countries, and the prevalence appears to be declining in many countries, which is encouraging as it minimizes physical and physiological harm for a future generation of women. This prevalence estimate is lower than the actual global prevalence of FGM/C due to data gaps, noncomparable denominators, and unavailable surveys. Yet, considerable policy and community-level interventions are required in many countries to meet the SDG target 5.3. Trial registration Registration: CRD42020186937.FAROUKI LeenThu, 01 Sep 2022 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-global-prevalence-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis-of-national-regional-facility-and-school-based-studies/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/acceptability-of-a-smartphone-application-to-enhance-healthcare-to-female-genital-mutilation-survivors-in-liberia-a-qualitative-study/In Liberia, female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is a legally allowed initiation ritual in the secret Sande society. Due to the secrecy, Liberian healthcare providers receive little education on FGM/C and its health consequences. As mobile learning approaches proved to efficiently increase providers’ knowledge and skills, a mobile application (‘app’) was designed to support self-learning, decision-making, and the follow-up of FGM/C survivors’ health. The ‘app’ was introduced in a capacity-building project in 2019 and evaluated through this qualitative study to assess healthcare provider’s needs and acceptance. We conducted 22 semi-structured interviews and eight focus group discussions with 42 adult healthcare providers in three Liberian counties. A thematic approach grounded in descriptive phenomenology guided data analysis and led to three main themes: the ‘app’, mobile learning and health education, and personal impression. Healthcare providers judge the ‘app’ useful to broaden their knowledge and skills, which might lead to better FGM/C detection and management. The ‘app’ might further facilitate patient and community education about the negative health consequences of FMG/C, possibly contributing to a reduction of FGM/C prevalence.NORDMANN KimWed, 31 Aug 2022 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/acceptability-of-a-smartphone-application-to-enhance-healthcare-to-female-genital-mutilation-survivors-in-liberia-a-qualitative-study/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/variations-in-the-prevalence-of-female-genital-mutilation-among-reproductive-aged-women-in-nigeria-across-three-generations/Background and Objective: Female genital mutilation (FGM) is widespread mainly in low and middle-income countries. Nigeria is one of the countries with the highest prevalence of FGM, accounting for about one of every four cases globally. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of FGM among three generations in Abuja, the federal capital city of Nigeria. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study among women of reproductive age (15-49 years) within two area councils of Abuja (Bwari and Abuja Municipal) and Nyanya suburban district adjoining the federal capital territory in Nigeria. The respondents are pregnant women attending antenatal care at four selected health facilities. Data were collected using Google Forms and were analyzed with SPSS for Windows version 25. Results: This study comprised data from 634 females (who had an average age of 33±6.0 years) from four major healthcare facilities in Abuja. The most common age group was 30 – 34 years (29.2%). The prevalence of FGM in the first generation (37.7%) was significantly higher than in the second (28.5%) and the third generations (8.7%) (p<0.01). The prevalence of FGM in the second generation was also significantly higher than in the third (p<0.01). The predictors of women circumcising their daughters include primary/no-education AOR 1.48 (95% CI: 0.41-5.31; p<0.05), being a traditionalist 4.94 (95% CI: 0.29-84.56; p<0.05), or Muslim 2.27 (95% CI: 0.94-5.49; p<0.05), respondent’s mother being circumcised 1.69 (95% CI: 0.26-10.85, p<0.05) or mother’s circumcision unknown 5.41 (95% CI: 0.78-37.34; p<0.05), respondents being circumcised 54.71 (95% CI: 0.78-37.34; p<0.001), culture 2.48 (95% CI: 1.00-6.19; p<0.05), and ignorance of adverse psycho-social/emotional effects of FGM 4.39 (95% CI: 1.46-13.17; p<0.05). Conclusion and Global Health Implications: Although there is a decline in FGM prevalence from the first generation to the third generation in Nigeria, the current prevalence of 8.7% remains a public health concern. Nigerian women’s ongoing experience of FGM requires both individual and stakeholders’ involvement to eradicate health-related problems such as tissue damage, infection, scarring, infertility, and pains during sexual intercourse, urination, and menstruation.ANYANWU Chidimma EzenwaTue, 30 Aug 2022 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/variations-in-the-prevalence-of-female-genital-mutilation-among-reproductive-aged-women-in-nigeria-across-three-generations/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/what-makes-a-woman-understanding-the-reasons-for-and-circumstances-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-in-indonesia-ethiopia-and-kenya/ABSTRACT This study presents the reasons for, and circumstances of, female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) in Indonesia, Ethiopia and Kenya. Data were collected in 2016 and 2017 by means of a household survey conducted with young people (15–24 years) and through focus group discussions, in-depth interviews and key informant interviews with youth and community stakeholders. The study findings confirm previously documented reasons for FGM/C, noting that these reasons are interconnected, and are rooted in gender norms. These reasons drive the alterations of bodies to produce a ‘cultured’ body in the form of the ‘pure body’ among Sundanese and Sasak peoples in Indonesia, the ‘tame’ body among the Amhara people in Ethiopia and the ‘adult body’ among the Maasai people in Kenya. While health workers and parents are important decision-makers in each setting, young Maasai women are, at times, able to exercise their agency to decide whether to undergo FGM/C, owing to their older age at circumcision. Changing legal and social contexts in each setting have brought about changes in the practice of FGM/C such as increased medicalisation of the procedure in Indonesia. The clear links between the different drivers of FGM/C in each setting demonstrate the need for context-specific strategies and interventions to create long-lasting change.KAKAL TasneemSat, 27 Aug 2022 21:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/what-makes-a-woman-understanding-the-reasons-for-and-circumstances-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-in-indonesia-ethiopia-and-kenya/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/behavioral-barriers-to-stop-female-genital-mutilationcutting-in-south-ethiopia-an-exploratory-qualitative-study-of-the-perspective-of-women/Background: Female genital mutilation or cutting (FGM/C) is an act that violates the rights of girls and women and causes serious medical complications. Approximately 200 million women have undergone circumcision in 31 countries. Ethiopia, in particular, has the largest number of women who undergone FGM/C. Unfortunately, there has been minimal research into the reasons for this high prevalence in the country. Hence, this study has been conducted to explore behavioral barriers to stopping FGM/C in Southern Ethiopia. Methods: An exploratory qualitative study was employed from October to November 2021 in two purposively selected zones of Southern Ethiopia. A purposive sampling technique was used to select respondents from the two zones. A total of fourteen study participants were selected and interviewed in-depth to obtain responses from various perspectives. A thematic content analysis was conducted to analyze the data collected from the field. Findings: The study revealed that FGM/C is widely practiced in the study area. Respondents were found to have poor awareness and positive attitude towards continuation of FGM/C. This is possibly due to the social and cultural acceptability of the practice and influences from peers, families, future marriage partners and the community. The study shows that women are more likely to be circumcised because they want to be respected by their community, to be considered eligible for marriage and to avoid stigma and discrimination. Conclusion: The continued practice of FGM/C was in considerable state to require the development of intervention strategies in order to eliminate it by 2030. The study’s findings recommend stronger legal actions against those who perform FGM/C, alongside behavior change communication interventions, to improve awareness of its risks and encourage the community to stop FGM/C.SIBAMO Ephrem LejoreMon, 01 Aug 2022 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/behavioral-barriers-to-stop-female-genital-mutilationcutting-in-south-ethiopia-an-exploratory-qualitative-study-of-the-perspective-of-women/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-uncut-stigma-debunking-the-myths-and-misconceptions-that-promote-female-genital-mutilation-in-kenya/Female Genital Mutilation is widespread in Kenya and globally. With it come myths and misconceptions creating misinformation on the practice to stigmatize against ‘the uncut’. Reports by global agencies and scholars have delved into the topic and findings suggests a lacuna in this cultural practice. Deeper understanding of misconceptions promoting the practice through stereotyping and stigmatization concerns this research. The United Nations put in place efforts to create global awareness through a dedicated day, ‘The Int ernational Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation’, first marked in 2003. The Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (2020) reports the national its prevalence at 21%, despite stakeholder efforts. Nevertheless, communities practicing FGM argue o f more than just ‘the cut’ hence their stigma justification. The paper aims at unravelling misinformation about FGM through investigating how knowledge levels contribute to its prevalence in Kenya; demystifying myths and misconceptions around the practice; evaluating the efforts by agencies in the campaign against FGM; and also establishing alternative knowledge sharing mechanisms on the FGM practices. Using mixed approaches in data collection and reports collating, the researchers established that the practice in communities is highly stigmatized and those not initiated were deemed social misfits. Much ground had been covered in demystification of the practice while much remains shrouded in cultural mystery. Significance is attached to the practice across generations and the initiation process is also considered an opportunity to pass over cultural values. Alternative approaches towards understanding FGM could grant further research into communities maintaining valuable cultural aspects while shunning ‘the cut’ for being retrogressive.MUKABI FredrickMon, 25 Jul 2022 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-uncut-stigma-debunking-the-myths-and-misconceptions-that-promote-female-genital-mutilation-in-kenya/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/effect-of-parental-attitudes-on-the-practice-and-medicalization-of-female-genital-mutilation-a-secondary-analysis-of-egypt-health-issues-survey-2015/Background: Despite the observed decrease in female genital mutilation (FGM) prevalence, it is increasingly being medicalized. We examined the attitudes of both parents towards the FGM practice in Egypt, and highlighted the effect of fathers’ decision making and attitudes towards FGM and violence on FGM practice and medicalization. Methods: This study is a secondary analysis of Egypt Health Issues Survey (EHIS), 2015. The 2015 EHIS involved a systematic random selection of a subsample of 614 Shiakhas/villages out of the 884 shiakhas/villages that had been chosen as Primary Sampling Units in the 2014 EDHS. Descriptive statistics of the study sample and parents’ attitudes was performed. Three indices were created describing; mothers’ and fathers’ attitudes towards FGM, decision making and rejecting violence against women. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were conducted to identify predictors of FGM practice and medicalization. Results: A considerable proportion of EHIS girls; 16.4% were circumcised and 36% of girls were expected to be circumcised. More than two thirds of circumcised girls were circumcised by a physician; namely 67% and 13.5% by nurses. The majority of mothers (88.4%) and fathers (84.8%) believed that FGM practice should continue. They believed that FGM is a religious obligation (72.3% of mothers and 73% of fathers). Parents believed that husbands prefer a circumcised wife (81.1% and 82.5% of mothers and fathers respectively). Being in the poorest wealth quintile (OR = 4.2, p < 0.001) and living in rural Upper Egypt (OR =4.55, p < 0.001) were the predictors of FGM practice, while medicalization was more likely among the rich and educated parents. Parents’ attitudes supporting FGM was significantly associated with its practice (OR =1.97, p < 0.001, for mothers and OR = 1.27, p < 0.001, for fathers). Rejecting violence against women was associated with less likelihood of practicing FGM (OR = 0.89, p < 0.05) and more likeli- hood of its medicalization (OR = 1.25, p < 0.01). Conclusion: More attention should be paid to enforce the laws against FGM practice by health care providers. Raising the community awareness on girls’ human rights and elimination of FGM practice which is a severe form of violence against women and gender inequality in sexual rights should be prioritized with targeting men in FGM programs.AZIZ MiretteMon, 27 Jun 2022 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/effect-of-parental-attitudes-on-the-practice-and-medicalization-of-female-genital-mutilation-a-secondary-analysis-of-egypt-health-issues-survey-2015/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/impact-of-covid-19-on-increasing-female-genital-mutilation-fgm-in-africa-a-study-of-tanzania-and-nigeria/Women’s sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) have been undermined from time to time due to female genital mutilation (FGM). Women and girls experiencing FGM in many developing countries, including Tanzania and Nigeria. The aim of this study is to investigate the problems that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic, which contributed to the high rates of FGM in Tanzania and Nigeria. This study uses a qualitative method to see the prevalence of FGM in both countries which has increased since the COVID-19 pandemic. This study is supported by the Patriarchal theory of Sylvia Walby, which explains why men try to oppress and control women as figures who dominate society. The study results show that both Nigeria and Tanzania have seen an increase in FGM amid COVID-19, with school closures placing teenage girls at the highest risk of FGM. The study concludes that the government, private institutions, and other development stakeholders should work together to find solutions to assist communities and families in ending FGM. If these efforts are implemented, then the 2030 sustainable development agenda can become a reality in ending FGM in Nigeria and Tanzania.MASSAY Emmanuel MichaelWed, 08 Jun 2022 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/impact-of-covid-19-on-increasing-female-genital-mutilation-fgm-in-africa-a-study-of-tanzania-and-nigeria/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/asrhr-in-ethiopia-reviewing-progress-over-the-last-20-years-and-looking-ahead-to-the-next-10-years/Over the last two decades, improvements in Ethiopia’s socio-economic context, the prioritization of health and development in the national agenda, and ambitious national health and development policies and programmes have contributed to improvements in the living standards and well-being of the population as a whole including adolescents. Improvements have occurred in a number of health outcomes, for example reduction in levels of harmful practices i.e., in child marriage and female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), reduction in adolescent childbearing, increase in positive health behaviours, for example adolescent contraceptive use, and maternal health care service use. However, this progress has been uneven. As we look to the next 10 years, Ethiopia must build on the progress made, and move ahead understanding and overcoming challenges and making full use of opportunities by (i) recommitting to strong political support for ASRHR policies and programmes and to sustaining this support in the next stage of policy and strategy development (ii) strengthening investment in and financing of interventions to meet the SRH needs of adolescents (iii) ensuring laws and policies are appropriately communicated, applied and monitored (iv) ensuring strategies are evidence-based and extend the availability of age-disaggregated data on SRHR, and that implementation of these strategies is managed well (v) enabling meaningful youth engagement by institutionalizing adolescent participation as an essential element of all programmes intended to benefit adolescents, and (vi) consolidating gains in the area of SRH while strategically broadening other areas without diluting the ASRHR focus.AKWARA ElsieWed, 01 Jun 2022 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/asrhr-in-ethiopia-reviewing-progress-over-the-last-20-years-and-looking-ahead-to-the-next-10-years/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/lack-of-data-and-dialogue-on-female-genital-mutilation-in-pakistan/AbstractFemale genital mutilation (FGM) affects women in many countries and carries significantsocio-sexual and cultural implications such as affected female sexual pleasure and a strong association with traditions which are believed to form a cultural identity. This essay explored the lack of data and discourse regarding this practice among the Dawoodi Bohra community in Pakistan. Due to the Pakistani government’s lack of recognition and public dialogue on this issue, there remains no official laws, statistics, or empirical research about the ritual. Despite the rise of feminism and women’s empowerment in many contemporary societies, Pakistan has not initiated any FGM debate in the domains of government, political activism, or academia. Simultaneously, FGM remains secretive and taboo within the Dawoodi Bohra community. This overall lack of awareness has left little to no resources or methods to study FGM in the country. To help bridge this data gap, this essay investigated the religious and cultural significance of FGM among Dawoodi Bohras in Pakistan, discussing factors and justifications that perpetuate the tradition. A unique interplay of patriarchal and matriarchal power structures may be driving FGM in this population, resulting in continued violation of the bodily autonomy of female children and unclear negative effects on women (e.g., physical pain, sexual problems, and psychological trauma). This paper also contrasted universalist and cultural relativist theories of FGM and recommended a research approach characterized by increased cultural competence, sensitivity, and nonjudgmental exploration. By pursuing well-designed, culturally sensitive research about FGM in Pakistan, it is possible to initiate productive public discourse and action without incurring shame upon women and entire communities.SYYED HudaSun, 01 May 2022 21:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/lack-of-data-and-dialogue-on-female-genital-mutilation-in-pakistan/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/a-guide-to-designing-effective-social-norms-change-programmes-plan-2022/Thu, 21 Apr 2022 15:32:34 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/a-guide-to-designing-effective-social-norms-change-programmes-plan-2022/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-and-religion-factsheet/Thu, 21 Apr 2022 09:36:04 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-and-religion-factsheet/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-central-african-republic-short-report-2022-arabic/Tue, 19 Apr 2022 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-central-african-republic-short-report-2022-arabic/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-mali-country-profile-update-2022-french/THOMSON ShannonTue, 19 Apr 2022 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-mali-country-profile-update-2022-french/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/sudan-the-law-and-fgm-2018-updated-2022/Tue, 19 Apr 2022 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/sudan-the-law-and-fgm-2018-updated-2022/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-central-african-republic-short-report-2022-english/Tue, 19 Apr 2022 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-central-african-republic-short-report-2022-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/violence-among-young-people-in-poor-areas-in-greater-cairo-fgm-tadwein-2022/With regard to violence, several types were measured, such as street violence, sexual harassment domestic violence and female genital mutilation (FGM). Participants were asked about violence in various contexts such as home, workspace, and school. The study adapted a number of questions regarding emotional, physical and sexual violence, and gender norms from different surveys [Survey of Young People in Egypt (SYPE), Demographic Health Survey (DHS), International men and gender equality survey (IMAGES), and WHO Multi-Country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence]. The following validated scales were used to measure mental health and perceived quality of the living environment, and gender dynamics.Tue, 19 Apr 2022 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/violence-among-young-people-in-poor-areas-in-greater-cairo-fgm-tadwein-2022/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-mali-insights-from-a-statistical-analysis-unicef-2022/Tue, 19 Apr 2022 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-mali-insights-from-a-statistical-analysis-unicef-2022/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-mali-country-profile-update-2022-english/This Country Profile Update provides comprehensive information on the most recent trends and data on FGM/C in Mali. It includes an analysis of the latest available FGM/C prevalence data. This report serves as an update to the 2014 Mali Country Profile. According to the DHS 2018, the percentage of women and girls aged 15–49 who have undergone FGM/C is 88.6% The prevalence of FGM/C in Mali has not changed significantly since the previous DHS survey in 2012 when it was 91.4%. THOMSON ShannonTue, 19 Apr 2022 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-mali-country-profile-update-2022-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgmc-in-mali-2022-english/Tue, 19 Apr 2022 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgmc-in-mali-2022-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgmc-in-mali-2022-french/Tue, 19 Apr 2022 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgmc-in-mali-2022-french/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-perceived-effects-of-covid-19-pandemic-on-female-genital-mutilationcutting-and-child-or-forced-marriages-in-kenya-uganda-ethiopia-and-senegal/Background The effects of COVID-19 on harmful traditional practices such Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) and Child or Forced Marriages (CFM) have not been well documented. We examined respondents’ perceptions on how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected FGM/C and CFM in Kenya, Uganda, Senegal, and Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study design with a mixed methods approach was used. Data collection on participants’ perceptions on the effects of COVID-19 on FGM/C and CFM took place between October-December 2020. Household surveys targeting women and men aged 15-49 years in Kenya ( n=312 ), Uganda ( n=278 ), Ethiopia ( n=251 ), and Senegal ( n=208 ) were conducted. Thirty-eight key informant interviews with programme implementers and policymakers were carried out in Kenya ( n=17 ), Uganda ( n=9 ), Ethiopia ( n=8 ), and Senegal ( n=4 ). Results In Kenya, the COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to the increase in both FGM/C and CFM cases. Minimal increase of FGM/C cases was reported in Uganda and a significant increase in CFM cases. In Ethiopia, the COVID-19 pandemic had a limited perceived effect on changes in FGM/C and CFM. In Senegal, there were minimal perceived effects of COVID-19 on the number of FGM/C and CFM cases. The pandemic negatively affected implementation of interventions by the justice and legal system, the health system, and civil societies. Conclusions The pandemic has had varied perceived effects on FGM/C and CFM across the four countries. Generally, the pandemic has negatively affected implementation of interventions by the various sectors that are responsible for preventing and responding to FGM/C and CFM. This calls for innovative approaches in intervening in the various communities to ensure that women and girls at risk of FGM/C and CFM or in need of services are reached during the pandemic. Evidence on how effective alternative approaches such as the use of call centres, radio talk shows and the use of local champions as part of risk communication in preventing and responding to FGM/C and CFM amid COVID-19 is urgently required.ESHO TammaryTue, 29 Mar 2022 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-perceived-effects-of-covid-19-pandemic-on-female-genital-mutilationcutting-and-child-or-forced-marriages-in-kenya-uganda-ethiopia-and-senegal/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-prevalence-of-female-genital-mutilation-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis-of-national-regional-facility-and-school-based-studies/Background: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) is a non-medical procedure entailing the modification of the external female genitalia. The Sustainable Development Goals aim to end FGM/C by 2030. This systematic review aimed to examine FGM/C prevalence and types, by World Health Organization (WHO) region and country. Methods and Findings: A systematic search using MeSH headings and keywords from inception to March 2, 2020 was undertaken in MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Embase to identify studies presenting FGM/C prevalence. Abstract and full-text screening, quality assessment, and data extraction were undertaken by two reviewers. Only nationally representative studies were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled FGM/C prevalence was estimated by meta-analysis using random effects models. FGM/C prevalence and types were presented separately by women aged 15-49 and girls aged 0-14. 3,205 articles were identified. 135 met the inclusion criteria and 28 were included in the meta-analysis. Across 27 countries, the pooled prevalence estimate of FGM/C in women aged 15-49 was 40% (95% CI: 26-55%; I2 =100%), and 15% (95% CI: 10-21%; I2 =100%) in girls aged 0-14 across 34 countries. The country with the highest FGM/C prevalence in women was Guinea (97%) and the lowest, Uganda (0.3%). The highest prevalence in girls was in Mali (77%), and the lowest in Ghana (0%). The most common category of FGM/C was flesh removed at 69% (women) and 70% (girls). Limitations include that studies had heterogeneous terminology and relied on recall. Conclusions: There is large variation in FGM/C prevalence, and the lower prevalence in the current generation of girls is encouraging. However, considerable policy and community-level interventions are required to meet the SDG. Future research should consider collecting data on the 15-19 age group in order to accurately assess generational differences in FGM prevalence.FAROUKI LeenThu, 10 Mar 2022 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-prevalence-of-female-genital-mutilation-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis-of-national-regional-facility-and-school-based-studies/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/association-between-female-genital-mutilation-and-girl-child-marriage-in-sub-saharan-africa/Two commonly linked harmful practices that negatively impact the health of girls and women in sub-Saharan Africa, and threaten their development and quality of life, are female genital mutilation and girl-child marriage. The central focus of the study was to investigate the association between female genital mutilation and girl-child marriage in sub-Saharan Africa. Data from the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys of twelve sub-Sahara African countries were pooled. A total of 14,748 women aged 20–24 were included in the study. A multilevel logistic regression analysis was employed, with reported adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The overall prevalence of FGM in the twelve countries was 52.19%, with the highest prevalence in Guinea (97.17%). The overall prevalence of girl-child marriage in the twelve countries was 57.96%, with the highest prevalence in Chad (78.06%). Women who had never experienced female genital mutilation were less likely to experience girl-child marriage (aOR=0.76, CI=0.71-0.82) compared with those who had ever experienced female genital mutilation. Age 24 (aOR=0.47, CI=0.43-0.52), secondary/higher level of education (aOR=0.31, CI=0.28-0.35), richest wealth quintile (aOR=0.56, CI=0.47-0.66), exposure to mass media (aOR=0.81, CI=0.74-0.88) medium community literacy level (aOR=0.63, CI=0.57-0.69) and low community socioeconomic status (aOR=0.67, CI=0.49-0.92) were found to be protective against girl-child marriage. The findings reveal that female genital mutilation is associated with girl-child marriage in sub-Saharan Africa. The continued practice will adversely affect the reproductive health outcomes of girls in the sub-region. Policies aimed at eliminating female genital mutilation and girl-child marriage should focus on compulsory basic education, poverty alleviation and increasing access to mass media. Further, campaigns should cover more communities with lower literacy levels and medium socioeconomic status.AHINKORAH Bright OpokuMon, 07 Feb 2022 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/association-between-female-genital-mutilation-and-girl-child-marriage-in-sub-saharan-africa/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/cultural-change-demands-proportionate-societal-response-in-the-handling-of-suspected-fgmc-cases/We read with great interest the article by Karlsen et al. with the title “Available evidence suggests that prevalence and risk of Female Genital Cutting/Mutilation in the UK is much lower than widely presumed—policies based on exaggerated estimates are harmful to girls and women from affected communities,” [1] and would like to affirm that their findings have relevance beyond the situation in the UK. An overview of criminal FGM/C court cases in Europe demonstrates the scarcity of confirmed illegal FGM/C cases among affected immigrant communities during several decades [2]. Although such a survey cannot account for unreported cases of illegal FGM/C, the low number of cases taken to court gives important clues to the current situation. When such data are triangulated with other register data, as in the study by Karlsen et al., the conclusion is corroborated: the expectations of secretive FGM/C activities reflected in overestimated risk and prevalence figures are apparently inaccurate. In our ongoing research project in Sweden, we currently have access to 170 FGM/C-related police documents: reports to the police about suspected performed or pending FGM/C. A specific criminal law provision banning FGM/C was introduced in Sweden in 1982, and the first criminal investigation regarding FGM/C took place in 1996. Some 130 of those 170 reports resulted in formal criminal investigations. Yet only three cases have led to prosecution (all of them ended in prison sentences): two cases in 2006, in which FGM/C was said to have been performed in Somalia, and one case in 2018 when a father was sentenced to 6 months in prison for stating his wish to have his two daughters circumcised in Nigeria in the future. As regards the rest of the suspected cases in the Police register, only five girls were born or grew up in Sweden. In those cases, the FGM/C was performed in African countries by people who were not indictable in the Swedish court system. In the preponderance of cases, no FGM/C could be found through medical examination, or the investigation indicated that the procedure had been performed prior to migration. Like Karlsen et al. we are concerned about inflated estimates of girls at risk of FGM/C and notions about illegal underground activities, assumptions that are abounding in the public discussion in most European countries. Often it is claimed that the lack of convictions is due to ignorance or negligence on the part of the authorities, or that legislation must be strengthened in order to intercept the illegal cases. The UK is a prime example of this, now having the harshest laws and most repressive policies to tackle FGM/C in Europe. Yet, as Karlsen et al. show regarding the UK, harsh policies and surveillance do not seem to result in a higher number of identified illegal cases. Data from Scotland are illustrative: out of 52 referrals or child welfare concerns between April 2013 and September 2016, the investigations revealed that in no case had FGM/C been performed [3]. Consequently, there is good reason to consider the possibility that large-scale cultural change regarding practices and views of FGM/C has taken place among many affected immigrant communities in European host countries [4]. Instead of expecting “culture” to be a static phenomenon and supposing that traditions always are “deeply rooted,” one ought to focus on the dynamic aspects of lived culture. Migration seems to foster new strategies in new contexts, and in the case of FGM/C, many women who themselves have suffered from these practices now have the opportunity to escape them and better protect their own daughters [5]. The overblown risk and prevalence estimates that policymakers and the mass media offer thus seem to be seriously flawed, but they still underpin the authority measures of policing these communities. The relation between authority efforts to identify cases for prosecution and the scarcity of confirmed illegal cases demonstrates the importance of the principle of proportionality. This principle is an established part of human rights and aims at insuring everyone to be treated by public authorities in accordance with the rule of law. An authority must not use more intrusive measures than are required with regard to the purpose. Where there is a choice between several appropriate measures, authorities must aim for the least onerous one. An action may be taken against a person only if the reasons for the action outweigh the inconvenience that the action entails for the person affected. Policies and practices can be justified only if they serve a legitimate aim and there is a reasonable proportionality between the means employed and the aim to be achieved. When discussing what constitutes legitimate aims and proportional means, the principle of proportionality highlights the importance of human rights. The European Convention on Human Rights protects the right to privacy and to family life, and the right to physical integrity. These rights are incorporated into domestic British law by the Human Rights Act of 1998. The interest of safeguarding human rights may often lead to contradictory considerations. The right to privacy and family life protects families from intrusions, while it also protects individuals from enforced traditional practices.JOHNSDOTTER SaraMon, 07 Feb 2022 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/cultural-change-demands-proportionate-societal-response-in-the-handling-of-suspected-fgmc-cases/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilation-a-global-phenomenon-outcome-of-the-research-training-path-and-campaign-to-raise-awareness/IntroductionFemale Genital Mutilation (FGM) comprises all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the female genitalia or other injuries to the female genital organs for non-medical purposes. There are multiple types of female genital mutilation with different severities, of which the most radical one is commonly known as infibulation. Female Genital Mutilation is a gender-specific type of abuse, a clear violation of women's human rights and constitutes an extreme form of gender discrimination. Girls and women who undergone the procedures are completely deprived of the ability to decide for their own well-being. In addition to being very humiliating, genital mutilation is extremely painful physically and incredibly traumatic psychologically. Girls subjected to this practice can die from immediate complications such as haemorrhagic or neurogenic shock, caused by trauma and pain, and infections. Female Genital Mutilation can cause short, medium and long-term complications that include urinary, vaginal, sexual and psychological problems as well as scar tissue, keloids and increased risk of childbirth complications. Female Genital Mutilation constitutes a tradition that marks the passage from childhood to adulthood; according to this ritual, through physical manipulation, a socially constructed gender identity gives meaning to a biological one. The Region of Umbria stands out for having a big presence of foreign citizens, experiencing one of the highest in Italy at a regional level equal to 11,2% (ISTAT). In addition to this numbers, the flow of asylum seekers registered in the last few years should also be considered. These findings make it necessary for the institutions and bodies in Umbria to activate services capable to handle the needs of the new population (both residents and non-residents). The positive trend of the migration phenomenon, especially from countries with a high percentage of female genital mutilation, shows us that we need to monitor this problem constantly in our region, too, and pay closer attention to the young girls at risk. In light of this awareness, the present project aims to educate and raise awareness on Female Genital Mutilation (FMG) with the support of Regione Umbria in collaboration with AUSL (Local Health Unit) Umbria 2, CERSAG (Regional Centre of Global Health) and CIDIS.VESTRELLI Alessandro MariaTue, 01 Feb 2022 22:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilation-a-global-phenomenon-outcome-of-the-research-training-path-and-campaign-to-raise-awareness/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/mutilazioni-genitali-femminili-toolkit-per-la-presa-in-carico-di-donne-e-ragazze/Female Genital Mutilation / cutting - FGM/C FGM is a serious form of gender-based violence, a blatant violation of women's human rights and a violent form of subordination of women and girls, in total contradiction to the principles of gender equality. Surviving girls are deprived of the ability to make decisions about their own health and to self-determine their bodies. FGM/C is a global phenomenon that crosses geographical, social, economic, and educational boundaries. They are prevalent mainly in 31 countries in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. But according to recent studies, they are present in as many as 92 countries. An estimated 200 million women and girls worldwide live with the scars of FGM, 44 million of whom are under the age of 15 (UNICEF). Approximately 4 million girls are at risk of undergoing FGM/C each year. Some forms of FGM/C also occur among certain ethnic groups in Central and South America and Eastern Europe. International migration has also increased the number of girls and women with FGM/C or at risk of undergoing it living in Australia, Europe, New Zealand and North America. FGM/C takes the form of traditions that mark the transition from childhood to adulthood, according to a ritual whereby a socially constructed gender identity gives meaning to a biological identity through the physical manipulation of the body. The Sustainable Development Goals adopted by the United Nations in September 2015 include, among others, the ‘elimination by 2030 of intolerable practices such as FGM and early marriage (Goal 5.3). The UN General Assembly Resolution No. 67/146, adopted in December 2012, enshrines the universal ban on FGM/C. Several international conventions condemn FGM/C, including the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (Istanbul Convention); it is the first binding regional treaty that recognises the existence of FGM/C in Europe and the need to address this issue systematically, through data collection, increasing and implementing preventive, protection and support measures for women and girls (such as gender-sensitive asylum and reception procedures). In Italy, the National Strategic Plan on male violence against women 2021-2023 establishes specific surveys and mapping of interventions implemented on the phenomenon as necessary actions to combat and raise awareness on FGM/C (Priority 1.4). FARACA AnnagraziaTue, 01 Feb 2022 22:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/mutilazioni-genitali-femminili-toolkit-per-la-presa-in-carico-di-donne-e-ragazze/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/understanding-the-impacts-of-child-marriage-on-the-health-and-well-being-of-adolescent-girls-and-young-women-residing-in-urban-areas-in-egypt/Background Egypt has made progress in delaying age at marriage, but child marriage continues to be practiced in many places across the country. This study investigates the impacts of child marriage on the health and wellbeing of girls residing in urban Egypt using a multi-method approach. Methods The quantitative component leveraged data from the 2014 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey and focused on (1) reproductive health, (2) maternal health and (3) social outcomes among a subsample of ever-married urban women ages 20–24 (N = 1041). Simple and multivariable logistic regressions were used to estimate prevalence odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for associations between child marriage and the three sets of outcomes. The qualitative component drew from 11 focus groups, 23 in-depth interviews, and 13 key informant interviews conducted in three urban sites in Egypt. The data was thematically analyzed using a combination of inductive and deductive coding. Results The prevalence of marriage under age 18 was 13.22%. Child marriage was significantly associated with ever use of contraception (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 2.95 95% CI 1.67–5.19), multiple births (AOR 12.93 95% CI 5.45–30.72), rapid repeat childbirth (AOR 2.20 95% CI 1.34–3.63), and pregnancy termination (AOR 1.89 95% CI 1.11–3.23). Many of these associations disappeared after adjusting for marriage duration. Girls married under age 18 had larger spousal age gaps (AOR 2.06; 95% CI 1.24–3.41) and higher odds of FGM (AOR 2.14; 95% CI 1.11–4.13). They were significantly more likely to report receiving no ANC care (AOR 0.39; 95% CI 0.19–0.80), and less likely to deliver through C-section (AOR: 0.53; 95% CI 0.34–0.83). Consequences emerging from the qualitative data centered around five themes: (1) Access to and use of sexual and reproductive health services; (2) exposure to FGM; (3) marriage and birth registration; (4) marital relations; and (5) relationship with in-laws. Conclusion Findings provide important insights into the practice of child marriage in urban areas in Egypt and illustrate a range of adverse consequences associated with the practice. Child marriage has been shown to lead to a host of negative health and social consequences. In this study, we explored the prevalence and consequences of child marriage in urban areas in Egypt, where there has been little research done on the topic. We analyzed quantitative data collected as part of the Egypt Demographic and Health survey as well as qualitative data collected as part of a bigger study on child marriage in humanitarian studies. In the quantitative analysis, we focused on three sets of outcomes: reproductive health outcomes, social outcomes and maternal health outcomes. In the qualitative analysis, we analyzed focus group discussions, in-depth interviews and key informant interviews and came up with themes around consequences of child marriage. The analysis revealed that child marriage is associated with multiple adverse consequences. However, many of the reproductive health consequences identified were due to the longer duration of these marriages, and thus disappeared when marriage duration was taken into account. From the social outcomes, we found that child marriage was associated with female genital mutilation and larger spousal age gaps, and from the maternal health outcomes, we found that child marriage was associated with not receiving antenatal care and not delivering via C-section. The qualitative data highlighted a range of consequences focusing on access to sexual and reproductive health services, exposure to FGM, marriage and birth registration, and relationships with husbands and in-laws.ELNAKIB ShathaSat, 15 Jan 2022 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/understanding-the-impacts-of-child-marriage-on-the-health-and-well-being-of-adolescent-girls-and-young-women-residing-in-urban-areas-in-egypt/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/womens-empowerment-as-it-relates-to-attitudes-towards-and-practice-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-of-daughters-an-ecological-analysis-of-demographic-and-health-surveys-from-12-african-countries/Background: Women’s empowerment may play a role in shaping attitudes towardsfemale genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) practices. We aimed to investigate howempowerment may affect women’s intention to perpetuate FGM/C and the practice ofFGM/C on their daughters in African countries.Materials and methods: We used data from Demographic and Health Surveys carriedout from 2010 to 2018. The countries included in our study were Benin, Burkina Faso,Chad, Côte d´Ivoire, Ethiopia, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania, and Togo.This study included 77,191 women aged 15–49 years with at least one daughter betweenzero and 14 years of age. The proportion of women who reported having at least onedaughter who had undergone FGM/C as well as the mother’s opinion towards FGM/Ccontinuation were stratified by empowerment levels in three different domains (decision making, attitude to violence, and social independence) for each country. We alsoperformed double stratification to investigate how the interaction between bothindicators would affect daughter’s FGM/C.Results: The prevalence of women who had at least one daughter who had undergoneFGM/C was consistently higher among low empowered women. Tanzania, Benin, andTogo were exceptions for which no differences in having at least one daughter subjected toFGM/C was found for any of the three domains of women’s empowerment. In mostcountries, the double stratification pointed to a lower proportion of daughters’ FGM/Camong women who reported being opposed to the continuation of FGM/C and had a highempowerment level while a higher proportion was observed among women who reportedbeing in favor of the continuation of FGM/C and had a low empowerment level. This patternwas particularly evident for the social independence domain of empowerment. In a fewcountries, however, a higher empowerment level coupled to a favorable opinion towardsFGM/C was related to a higher proportion of daughters’ FGM/C.COLL Carolina V. N.Fri, 14 Jan 2022 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/womens-empowerment-as-it-relates-to-attitudes-towards-and-practice-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-of-daughters-an-ecological-analysis-of-demographic-and-health-surveys-from-12-african-countries/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-central-african-republic-short-report-french/Sat, 01 Jan 2022 18:30:24 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-central-african-republic-short-report-french/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-adolescents-and-the-future-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-a-report-from-an-endemic-area/Background: Despite collaborative efforts aimed at its eradication, Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) continuesin endemic areas. Objective: To evaluate the experience and preparedness of female adolescents to protect their future daughters from FGM/C. Methods: A cross-sectional survey involving adolescent secondary school girls in North Central Nigeria. Participants were secondary school students who completed the study’s self-administered questionnaire after informed parental or participant’s consent. Data management was with SPSS 20.0 (IBM, USA), P-value <0.05 was significant. Results: There were 2000 participants aged 13-19 years (mean 15.56±1.75), prevalence of FGM/C was 35.0%, awareness was 86.1%, mutilation was performed between infancy and eight years of age (mean 3.85±3.24 years), 644(32.2%) desire to mutilatetheir future daughters, 722(36.1%) expressed support for FGM/C and 63.1% of victims of FM/C reported adverse post-mutilation experiences. Support for FGM/C was associated with low social class (P0.0010), opinion that FGM/C has benefit (P0.001) and desire to mutilate future daughters (P0.001) while awareness of efforts to eradicate FMG/C was 813(40.7%). Conclusion: FGM/C remains prevalent with potential support for its continuation among female adolescents despite reported adverse post-mutilation experiences. The multi-pronged approach to eradicate FGM/C should prioritize re-orientation for adolescent girls, rehabilitation of mutilated girls and girl child formal education. Keywords: Female genital mutilation/cutting; female circumcision, harmful traditional practices, adverse childhood experiences.EZEOKE Grace G.Tue, 14 Dec 2021 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-adolescents-and-the-future-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-a-report-from-an-endemic-area/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/living-with-fgm-improving-knowledge-and-skills-of-health-care-providers-in-iraqi-kurdistan/Background: Despite the high prevalence of female genital mutilation in many settings and the health consequences associated with it, many healthcare providers have limited knowledge of female genital mutilation and limited skills for preventing and managing related complications. With Knowledge of this Important matter aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of TOT workshops on the knowledge and skills of social workers working with girls and women affected by FGM. Methods: To demonstrate the findings, a quasi-experimental study was conducted with a pre and post-assessment. There were 44 participants who worked with FGM victims across Iraqi Kurdistan. Socio-demographic details of the participants who have collected knowledge on psychosexual and physical care, psychosexual skills, and referral programs were assessed using a continuum scale of 0 to 4. Descriptive and inferential statistics were carried out for the analysis. Results: The results showed that participants' knowledge and skills improved in relation to psychosexual and physical care for girls and women living with FGM and referral programs for them. The paired sample t-test carried showed a significant increase in knowledge among participants in psychosexual and physical care for girls and women living with FGM (f=9.25, df=1, P=.001), Psychosexual skills (f=-8.20, df=1, P=.001), and FGM victims referral Programs (t=12.95, df=1, P=.001). Follow-up test also showed that these changes were constant from post-test to follow-up. Conclusions: Preparing the social workers on the integration of physical and psychosocial care for girls and women living with FGM in their existing activities would equip them in providing holistic care for them in addressing the emerging psychosexual problems.MAHMOUDI OsmanMon, 13 Dec 2021 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/living-with-fgm-improving-knowledge-and-skills-of-health-care-providers-in-iraqi-kurdistan/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/community-based-child-protection-systems-prevalence-of-child-abuse-in-mukuru-kwa-njenga-informal-settlement-in-nairobi-kenya/Abstract: Child abuse is a global problem. Globally several policies, strategies, and guidelines have been put in place to deal with the situation. One of the methods proposed to deal with violence against children is the implementation of Community Based Child Protection Systems. The performance of Community Based Child Protection Systems has been riddled with various challenges like poor enforcement of the existing laws, the different subsystems of childcare, justice, law, and order working independently of each other. The study aimed at evaluating the forms and extent of child abuse in Mukuru Kwa Njenga. A mixed methods approach was used. A sample size of 280 participants was selected using both purposive sampling and random sampling techniques. The study found that as high as over 80 per cent had witnessed child mistreatment. The main forms of child maltreatment were child labour, exposure to drugs and liquor, child exploitation, children living in the streets, early marriages, teenage pregnancies as well as FGM/C and giving children away to other people. The study also revealed that new ways had been put in place to avoid different child abuse cases being detected and acted on. The study recommends that the government should strengthen existing policies that advocate for appropriate child protection and enhance community participation to improve the effective implementation of CBCPMs. These findings are important to stakeholders involved with children rights, like policy makers, researchers, and students of devolution theories.KIVUVA Reuben MulwaSun, 31 Oct 2021 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/community-based-child-protection-systems-prevalence-of-child-abuse-in-mukuru-kwa-njenga-informal-settlement-in-nairobi-kenya/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/prevalence-and-associated-factors-of-female-genital-mutilation-among-reproductive-age-womens-of-wolayita-zone-southern-ethiopia-a-cross-sectional-study/Background: Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is estimated to have been practiced on at least 200 million girls and women in 30 countries around the world. Clitoridoctomy is the most common type of FGM in Ethiopia. Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the magnitude of Female Genital Mutilation and associated factors among women's of Wolayita zone. Methods: A community-based quantitative cross-sectional study was used. Face-to-face interviews with prepared questionnaires were used to collect data. SPSS version 20 software was used to analyze the data. The prevalence of FGM was determined using descriptive statistics. The researchers utilized a bivariate and multivariate logistic regression model to find independent determinants of FGM. Result: 296 women were undergone FGM out of a total of 333, indicating that FGM is prevalent in the research area (88.9%). Age (AOR-1.86, 95% CI: 0.42-0.98) and support to reduce sexual due to hyperactivity (AOR: 14.595, 95% CI: 3.391-6.807) were all independently linked to FGM. Conclusion: An integrated effort administrative and surrounding community intervention to be initiated to alleviate FGM practices through empowering women, discouraging risky factors like traditions; and sensitizing parents, community members and the public focusing on the rejecting of FGM.ANJULO Bargude BaltaSat, 23 Oct 2021 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/prevalence-and-associated-factors-of-female-genital-mutilation-among-reproductive-age-womens-of-wolayita-zone-southern-ethiopia-a-cross-sectional-study/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilationcutting-resulting-in-genital-tract-obstruction-and-sexual-dysfunction-a-case-report-and-literature-review/Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) is the practice of cutting parts of the female external genitalia in fulfillment of sociocultural obligations and in some cases for nonmedical reasons. It is classified into 4 main types depending on the extent of cutting. Some forms of FGM/C are common in at least 29 countries globally, mainly in Africa. The overall prevalence of FGM/C in Ghana is approximately 4%. The motivation for this practice varies from community to community but includes the fulfillment of cultural values, uplifting the girl child, and, according to some reports, reducing sexual desire and promiscuity. The objective of this article is to illustrate how FGM/C resulted in sexual dysfunction in a young woman married for 2 years. We present a 19-year-old female who was subjected to female genital cutting in her formative years who presented with apareunia for 2 years in her marriage. We illustrated how FGM/C led to a genital tract obstruction with resultant sexual dysfunction. Examination revealed a Type 3 FGM/C (infibulation) with almost complete occlusion of the genital tract. She underwent a successful defibulation and resumed sexual activity with her husband within 6 weeks of the procedure.SEIDU Anwar SadatSun, 10 Oct 2021 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilationcutting-resulting-in-genital-tract-obstruction-and-sexual-dysfunction-a-case-report-and-literature-review/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilation-remains-high-in-senegal-an-analysis-of-dhs-2018/Female genital mutilation (FGM), also known as female genital cutting or female circumcision, threatens the health and well-being of millions of girls, women and their children across the globe. In Senegal, despite numerous health interventions, female genital mutilation is still a harmful practice. The objective of this study is to conduct a descriptive and analytical analysis of female genital mutilation practices in Senegal in 2018. This study is a secondary analysis of the 2018 Senegal DHS. The analyses for this study were done on the Individual Records file. The DHS data covered 9414 women aged 15 to 49 years. A multivariate analysis was performed to consider confounding factors. The dependent variable was the existence of female genital mutilation in women. Data were analyzed with STATA 17 software. The prevalence of FGM was 17.18%. Women who had flesh removed from genital area represented 60.96% (1338), 29.39% (252) had genital area just nicked without removing any flesh, 6.88% (151) had genital area sown closed. Women who thought that FGM was justified by religion represented 11.52%. However, 80.59% of the women thought that it was a practice that should be stopped. The protective factors for the occurrence of FGM were women's empowerment factors (high level of education of the woman (primary ajOR=0.64 [0.50-0.83] and secondary ajOR=0.43 [0.32, 0.57]) and the fact that the head of the household is a woman ajOR (0.75 [0.59-0.97]); belonging to the central region of Senegal and the Christian religion (ajOr=0.05 [ 0.02-0.13]). The risk factors for female genital mutilation in Senegal were ethnicity and belonging to certain regions in the northeast and southeast of Senegal. The prevalence of FGM in Senegal is still high. Ethnicity remains an important risk factor. Women's empowerment would allow the reduction of FGM. In the fight against FGM, politics should include women's autonomy strengthening like girls schooling. This study highlights the still significant extent of FGM. Women's empowerment factors would prevent these harmful traditional practices.SOUGOU N.Fri, 01 Oct 2021 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilation-remains-high-in-senegal-an-analysis-of-dhs-2018/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilation-as-violence-against-women-a-narrative-of-promoting-abandonment/Today, women and girls are less likely to undergo female genital mutilation (FGM) than decades ago. However, the practice is still near-universal in some countries. FGM is still practiced because societies still hold their traditional values and norms. According to UNICEF, at least 200 million women and girls have been subjected to the practice in 30 countries, mainly those in Asia and Africa. This study aimed to analyze FGM as violence against women relating to the communities and their beliefs by addressing the status quo and the legality of FGM practices in Indonesia, Egypt, and Yemen. It accounted for the state's role in preventing, handling, and safeguarding the victims of FGM practices. This study used the socio-legal method by critically analyzing the legislation for further implications for legal subjects. This study showed that FGM was a form of violence against women which have a role in the perpetual violation of women's rights. It identified the difference in practice, prevalence, legality, and the state's role in FGM in Indonesia, Egypt, and Yemen. It suggested to prevent FGM practices through mobilizing political will and funding, strengthening healthcare providers' awareness and knowledge, building a supportive legislative and regulatory environment, and reinforcing monitoring, evaluation, and accountability.IDRIS Rizky AkbarThu, 30 Sep 2021 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilation-as-violence-against-women-a-narrative-of-promoting-abandonment/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/impact-of-introduction-of-the-anti-female-genital-mutilation-law-on-the-practice-of-female-genital-mutilation-in-garissa-county-kenya/Background: Female genital mutilation (FGM), is a social traditional practice performed by cutting parts of the external female genitalia. Garissa county in north eastern Kenya has the highest prevalence of FGM in Kenya at 94%. This practise was illegalised in Kenya in 2011. The aim of the study was to assess the successes of anti-FGM programs in Garissa County.Methods: This was a cross sectional study involving 108 participants of both genders and different age groups. Questionnaires were used in data collection. Obtained data was analyzed using SPSS version 25. Chi square was used to compare characteristics between female participants who had undergone FGM and participants not circumcised. Results: Of the 108 participants, 53.7% were females. The median age of participants was 23 years [Interquartile range (IQR])15-40]. The prevalence of FGM was 62% with the mean age at circumcision being 8.34 years (SD=2.69 years). Being of Muslim faith was associated with practice of FGM (p<0.001). There was high level of awareness of the anti-FGM law among youths at 84%. Two thirds of participants did not support FGM. Excision was the main type of FGM practiced. Among those circumcised, 14.7% were circumcised by trained nurses.Conclusions: Introduction of the anti-FGM law, and its advocacy by NGOs has led to a reduction in the practice of FGM in Garissa county. There is an increase in the medicalization of FGM in Garissa with evidence of the practice going underground. This study recommends NGOs to have a clearer focus on the method chosen for use in advocating for the abandonment of FGM.DEROW Yasmin H.Mon, 27 Sep 2021 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/impact-of-introduction-of-the-anti-female-genital-mutilation-law-on-the-practice-of-female-genital-mutilation-in-garissa-county-kenya/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/knowledge-attitudes-and-practices-of-female-genital-mutilation-among-health-care-workers-in-somali-region-of-ethiopia/ABSTRACT Background: Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a global challenge with estimated over two hundred million girlsand women worldwide having undergone the procedure and another three million girls are at risk of being cut yearly.The prevalence of FGM among women and girls aged 15-49 years in Somali region of Ethiopia is 99% compared tothe national average of 65%. The study assessed the knowledge, attitude, and practice of health care workers on FGMpractices in the region. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional descriptive survey and used quantitative method. Results: 36 (17.8%) of the health workers believed FGM was a mandatory religious practice, while 158 (78.2%)regarded it as a cultural practice. All the respondents knew it caused health problems, 32 (15.8%) believed it was agood practice though 176 (87.1%) of the respondents believed it violated human rights of the girls/women and 99(49%) wanted the practice to continue. 15 (40.5%) had conducted FGM on a girl before, 5 (13.5%) claimedmedicalization made FGM practice safer and 5 (13.5%) of the respondents intended to circumcise their daughters infuture. Conclusions: Health care workers still have attitudes and practices that positively promote and could encourage FGMpractices in spite of their knowledge of the health consequences and their acceptance as a violation of the rights ofwomen and girls. This attitude has high tendencies of depriving the community members of access to accurateinformation that will enable them to make informed decision about FGM and efforts to eradicate the practice.OLADEJI OlusolaWed, 08 Sep 2021 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/knowledge-attitudes-and-practices-of-female-genital-mutilation-among-health-care-workers-in-somali-region-of-ethiopia/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/effects-of-covid-19-pandemic-on-the-welfare-of-the-maasai-girl-child-in-narok-county-kenya/Abstract The Maasai girl child is vulnerable to poor menstrual hygiene, teen pregnancies, early marriages, domestic violence and female genital mutilation (FGM). Schools had temporarily offered the girls a shelter towards these challenges. However, covid-19 pandemic led to indefinite closure of schools forcing the girls back home to the full glare of these predicaments. Additionally, there was fear of the health pandemic which had also affected the economy. This study aimed at examining how covid-19 pandemic had affected the welfare of the Maasai girl child in Narok county, Kenya. A cross-sectional design of study was used. Data was collected using questionnaires and by observations. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the data. The findings indicate that frustrations over lack of basic needs coupled with numerous domestic violence incidences caused the girls to engage in ‘sex for sanitary towels’. 83.1% of the girls did not use any sex protection means while majority of the rest used ineffective methods. FGM was at its peak as there was abundant time to practice it and less government interference. In conclusion, the Maasai girls’ welfare was in dire need for external assistance. Government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) should urgently intervene to rescue the Maasai girl child.MASAGO Morompi OleThu, 01 Jul 2021 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/effects-of-covid-19-pandemic-on-the-welfare-of-the-maasai-girl-child-in-narok-county-kenya/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilation-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/AbstractFemale genital mutilation (FGM) or circumcision refers to the unnecessary procedure that damages orremoves the external genitalia of females. It is mostly practiced in African countries and some Asianregions, particularly the Middle East, and is performed because of cultural, religious, and social reasons.FGM can negatively affect the lives of women and lead to devastating consequences, ranging fromimmediate to long-term complications. These complications can be in the physical, psychological,reproductive, or sexual health domains. In this systematic review, we aim to highlight the prevalence andpractice of FGM in Saudi Arabia. We conducted a literature search at PubMed to identify studies related tothe practice of FGM reported from Saudi Arabia. The results indicate that FGM can still be found in SaudiArabia both in Saudi women and non-Saudi residents. Most of the non-Saudi women with FGM wereSudanese, Somali, Eritrean, and Egyptian. FGM is prevalent in regions such as Jeddah and Hali, AlQunfudhah Governorate, Saudi Arabia. FGM is considered illegal in most countries around the world.However, in Saudi Arabia, there is no clear and specific law against the practice of FGM. More research onthe practice of FGM in Saudi Arabia needs to be conducted to get a better grasp of the true nature of theproblem in the country, which could potentially lead to specific and clear legislation that would prevent thesocial evil of FGM in Saudi Arabia.ALMEER H.Fri, 11 Jun 2021 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilation-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/factors-associated-with-female-genital-mutilation-among-daughters-of-reproductive-aged-women-at-academic-charity-teaching-hospital-acth/Introduction: It is estimated that more than 200 million girls and women alive today have undergone female genital mutilation. Female genital mutilation still remains to be a serious problem for large proportion of women in most sub-Saharan Africa countries including Sudan, with a high prevalence of 88%. Objective: The main objective was to identify the factors associated with FGM among daughters of reproductive aged woman. Materials and methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 mothers, the total sample was collected in ACTH based on the number of reproductive age mothers with at least one daughter older than 5 years. A structured and interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect data. The data obtained was analyzed by the use of the SPSS software. Results: Out of 200 mothers, 113 (56.5%) had at least one circumcised daughter. Knowledge about genital mutilation (AOR = 4.29, 95% CI: 1.13-15.37), attitude (AOR = 48.53, 95% CI: 14.45-198.69) and mothers circumcision status (AOR = 14.03, 95% CI: 2.81- 95.45) were the most significantly associated with FGM. Furthermore, having good knowledge, positive attitude, high socio-economic status, being literate, being of Christian religion and living in urban area had lower odds of having a circumcised daughter. Conclusion: In this study, more than half of the mothers had at least one circumcised daughter. Mothers’ knowledge, attitude, circumcision status, socio-economic status, age, residence, educational level and religion were significantly associated with female genital mutilation.SHIDDO DanyahFri, 11 Jun 2021 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/factors-associated-with-female-genital-mutilation-among-daughters-of-reproductive-aged-women-at-academic-charity-teaching-hospital-acth/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/analysis-of-the-determinants-of-female-genital-mutilation-practices-in-senegal-a-secondary-analysis-of-the-2018-dhs/Introduction: Female genital mutilation (FGM), also known as female genital cutting or circumcision, threatens the health and well-being of millions of girls, women, and their children around the world. In Senegal, FGM practices persist despite numerous interventions. This study aims to analyze the determinants of FGM in Senegal. Methods: This article uses data from the 2018 Senegal Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), a nationally representative survey of 9413 women aged 15-49 years. In the descriptive analysis, variables were presented in terms of frequency and percentage of data. The significance level was set at 5, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used. Variables with p values less than 0.25 in the bivariate analysis were selected for multivariate analysis. The dependent variable was a composite variable generated from 3 DHS variables that described the types of post-FGM genital lesions that exist in women. The analysis was performed using STATA/SE 17. Results: The prevalence of FGM is 17.14%. Eleven-point fifty-two percent (11.52%) or 999 women believe that FGM is a religiously recommended practice. Ninety-nine percent (993) of these women were Muslim (p=0.0017). Fifteen-point thirty-nine percent (15.39%) or 1,334 women think it is a practice that should continue to be practiced and 80.59% (or 6,988 women) think it should be stopped. The protective factors for the occurrence of FGM were female empowerment (high level of education of the woman (primary ajOR=0.64 [0.50-0.83] and secondary ajOR=0.43 [0.32, 0.57]) and the fact that the head of the family was a woman ajOR (0.75 [0.59-0.97]); belonging to the central region of Senegal (Diourbel, Kaolack, Thies, Louga and Fatcick) and Christian religion (ajOr=0.05 [0.02-0.13]). The risk factors for female genital mutilation in Senegal were ethnicity and belonging to certain regions in the northeast and southeast of Senegal (Tambacounda, Matam, Kedougou). Conclusion: This study showed that FGM practices are still persistent in Senegal. This study underlined that the empowerment of women would allow the fight against FGM. Health interventions should be multisectoral, involving the education sectors with a strong investment in girls' education and retention.SOUGOU Ndeye MaremeMon, 31 May 2021 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/analysis-of-the-determinants-of-female-genital-mutilation-practices-in-senegal-a-secondary-analysis-of-the-2018-dhs/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilationcutting-in-sudan-and-subsequent-pelvic-floor-dysfunction/Background We aimed to evaluate the socio-demographic characteristics of women with female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) and the results of FGM/C due to pelvic floor dysfunction. Results The prevalence of FGM/C was 87.2% in Sudan and Type 3 (50.4%) was the most prevalent, followed by Type 2 (35%) and Type 1 (8.5%). In the multinominal logistic regression analysis performed to show the effect of FGM/C on pelvic organ prolapse (POP), it was observed that FGM/C frequency in POP group 2 was statistically similar when POP group 1 was taken as reference category. In the evaluation for symptomatic POP (POP group 3), risk of developing POP in patients without FGM/C was significantly lower than patients with type 3 FGM/C with a rate of 82.9% (OR(odds ratio): 0.171 (p: 0.002), (Confidence Interval (CI) %95; 0.058–0.511). Risk of developing POP rate in patients with type 1 FGM/C was 75% (OR:0.250 (p: 0.005), CI %95; 0.094–0.666) and in patients with type 2 FGM/C was 78.4% (OR:0.216 (p: 0.0001), CI%95; 0.115–0.406). In the multinominal logistic regression analysis including other variables affecting POP, when group 1 was taken as the reference category, it was found that the possibility of developing mild POP (group 2) decreased in FGM/C type 1 and 2 compared to FGM/C type 3 but it was not statistically significant. However, the evaluation for the symptomatic POP group showed up a significantly lower risk of developing POP in patients with type 2 FGM/C compared to patients with type 3 FGM/C, with a rate of 58.4%. (OR:0.419 (p: 0.016), CI%95; 0.206–0.851) (Table 3 ). In addition, older age was found to be significant risk factor for increasing symptomatic POP (p: 0.003). Conclusions Type 2 and 3 FGM/C continues to be an important health problem in terms of complications that may develop in advanced ages as well as many short-term complications as a result of mechanical or physiological deterioration of the female genital anatomy.BIRGE ÖzerMon, 17 May 2021 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilationcutting-in-sudan-and-subsequent-pelvic-floor-dysfunction/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/attitudes-of-health-care-providers-regarding-female-genital-mutilation-and-its-medicalization-in-guinea/Background Guinea has a high prevalence of female genital mutilation (FGM) (95%) and it is a major concern affecting the health and the welfare of women and girls. Population-based surveys suggest that health care providers are implicated in carrying out the practice (medicalization). To understand the attitudes of health care providers related to FGM and its medicalization as well as the potential role of the health sector in addressing this practice, a study was conducted in Guinea to inform the development of an intervention for the health sector to prevent and respond to this harmful practice. Methodology Formative research was conducted using a mixed-methods approach, including qualitative in-depth interviews with health care providers and other key informants as well as questionnaires with 150 health care providers. Data collection was carried out in the provinces of Faranah and Labé and in the capital, Conakry. Results The majority of health care providers participating in this study were opposed to FGM and its medicalization. Survey data showed that 94% believed that it was a serious problem; 89% felt that it violated the rights of girls and women and 81% supported criminalization. However, within the health sector, there is no enforcement or accountability to the national law banning the practice. Despite opposition to the practice, many (38%) felt that FGM limited promiscuity and 7% believed that it was a good practice. Conclusion Health care providers could have an important role in communicating with patients and passing on prevention messages that can contribute to the abandonment of the practice. Understanding their beliefs is a key step in developing these approaches.BALDE Mamadou DiouldeThu, 13 May 2021 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/attitudes-of-health-care-providers-regarding-female-genital-mutilation-and-its-medicalization-in-guinea/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilation-in-ghana-prevalence-and-socioeconomic-predictors/Background Each year, not less than three million women are circumcised, and more hundred million females have already been circumcised. In many African societies, the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM) is a serious cultural practice. Aim This current study is aimed at identifying the socioeconomic predictors of female genital mutilation in Ghana. Methods The design adopted for this study was a descriptive cross-sectional survey relying on data from the Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 2017/18. SPSS software was used for data analysis. Chi-square and binary logistic regression were used for associations. Results Overall FGM prevalence, this study recorded was 11.7%. The region with the highest (50.5%) prevalence was the Upper West Region. Area of residence predicted rural (AOR = 2.30 95%C.I. = 1.75-3.00) Upper West/western Region (AOR = 1.84, 95%C.I. = 1.23-2.75). In terms of ethnicity, the tribes that predicted FGM when compared with the Akan tribe were Guan (AOR = 8.91, 95%C.I. = 3.53-22.51), Gruma (AOR = 6.45, 95%C.I. = 2.91-14.31), Mole-Dagbani (AOR = 38.10, 95%C.I. = 21.20-68.49), Grusi (AOR = 45.30, 95%C.I. = 24.47 - 83.49), Mande (AOR = 68.58, 95%C.I. = 30.85 - 152.42), and other tribes (AOR = 29.33, 95%C.I. = 16.11-53.39). Women in the richest/poorest wealth index quintile (AOR = 1.80, 95%C.I. = 1.19-2.72). Conclusion The study prevalence of FGM is still high in the northern part of Ghana, and the predicted factors were residence region, ethnicity, educational level, and economic status.ALHASSAN Abdul RaufTue, 11 May 2021 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilation-in-ghana-prevalence-and-socioeconomic-predictors/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-impact-of-community-led-alternative-rite-of-passage-on-eradication-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-in-kajiado-county-kenya-a-quasi-experimental-study/Introduction In Kenya, Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) is highly prevalent in specific communities such as the Maasai and Somali. With the intention of curtailing FMG/C prevalence in Maasai community, Amref Health Africa, designed and implemented a novel intervention—community-led alternative rite of passage (CLARP) in Kajiado County in Kenya since 2009. The study: a) determined the impact of the CLARP model on FGM/C, child early and forced marriages (CEFM), teenage pregnancies (TP) and years of schooling among girls and b) explored the attitude, perception and practices of community stakeholders towards FGM/C. Methods We utilised a mixed methods approach. A difference-in-difference approach was used to quantify the average impact of the model with Kajiado as the intervention County and Mandera, Marsabit and Wajir as control counties. The approach relied on secondary data analysis of the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS) 2003, 2008–2009 and 2014. A qualitative approach involving focus group discussions, in-depth interviews and key informant interviews were conducted with various respondents and community stakeholders to document experiences, attitude and practices towards FGM/C. Results The CLARP has contributed to: 1) decline in FGM/C prevalence, CEFM rates and TP rates among girls by 24.2% (p<0.10), 4.9% (p<0.01) and 6.3% (p<0.01) respectively. 2) increase in girls schooling years by 2.5 years (p<0.05). Perceived CLARP benefits to girls included: reduction in teenage marriages and childbirth; increased school retention and completion; teenage pregnancies reduction and decline in FGM/C prevalence. Community stakeholders in Kajiado believe that CLARP has been embraced in the community because of its impacts in the lives of its beneficiaries and their families. Conclusion This study demonstrated that CLARP has been positively received by the Maasai community and has played a significant role in attenuating FGM/C, CEFM and TP in Kajiado, while contributing to increasing girls’ schooling years. CLARP is replicable as it is currently being implemented in Tanzania. We recommend scaling it up for adoption by stakeholders implementing in other counties that practice FGM/C as a rite of passage in Kenya and across other sub Saharan Africa countries.MUHULA SamuelWed, 28 Apr 2021 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-impact-of-community-led-alternative-rite-of-passage-on-eradication-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-in-kajiado-county-kenya-a-quasi-experimental-study/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/hierarchical-modelling-of-factors-associated-with-the-practice-and-perpetuation-of-female-genital-mutilation-in-the-next-generation-of-women-in-africa/Despite a total prohibition on the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM), young girls continue to be victims in some African countries. There is a paucity of data on the effect of FGM practice in two generations in Africa. This study assessed the current practice of daughters’ FGM among women living in 14 FGM-prone countries in Africa as a proxy to assess the future burden of FGM in the continent. We used Demographic and Health Surveys data collected between 2010 and 2018 from 14 African countries. We analyzed information on 93,063 women-daughter pair (Level 1) from 8,396 communities (Level 2) from the 14 countries (Level 3). We fitted hierarchical multivariable binomial logistic regression models using the MLWin 3.03 module in Stata version 16 at p<0.05. The overall prevalence of FGM among mothers and their daughters was 60.0% and 21.7%, respectively, corresponding to 63.8% reduction in the mother-daughter ratio of FGM. The prevalence of FGM among daughters in Togo and Tanzania were less than one per cent, 48.6% in Guinea, with the highest prevalence of 78.3% found in Mali. The percentage reduction in mother-daughter FGM ratio was highest in Tanzania (96.7%) and Togo (94.2%), compared with 10.0% in Niger, 15.0% in Nigeria and 15.9% in Mali. Prevalence of daughters’ FGM among women with and without FGM was 34.0% and 3.1% respectively. The risk of mothers having FGM for their daughters was significantly associated with maternal age, educational status, religion, household wealth quintiles, place of residence, community unemployment and community poverty. The country and community where the women lived explained about 57% and 42% of the total variation in FGM procurement for daughters. Procurement of FGM for the daughters of the present generation of mothers in Africa is common, mainly, among those from low social, poorer, rural and less educated women. We advocate for more context-specific studies to fully assess the role of each of the identified risk factors and design sustainable intervention towards the elimination of FGM in Africa.FAGBAMIGBE Adeniyi FrancisFri, 23 Apr 2021 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/hierarchical-modelling-of-factors-associated-with-the-practice-and-perpetuation-of-female-genital-mutilation-in-the-next-generation-of-women-in-africa/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgmc-in-mauritania-201921-french/Wed, 21 Apr 2021 13:12:56 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgmc-in-mauritania-201921-french/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgmc-in-mauritania-201921-english/Wed, 21 Apr 2021 13:11:01 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgmc-in-mauritania-201921-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-benin-short-report-2021-french/Tue, 20 Apr 2021 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-benin-short-report-2021-french/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/falling-between-the-cracks-scotland-2021/ Over the last decade, ending female genital mutilation (FGM) has become a key policy priority in Scotland and across the UK. Although there has been a strong emphasis on community engagement in policy, we know little about FGM-affected women’s views on the legislative changes and new measures which have been introduced to tackle FGM in Scotland. This report is based on a participatory doctoral research conducted in collaboration with Glasgow Saheliya Champions for Change group between 2018 and 2021. The Champions have participated in the project as Community Advisers, contributing to refining the focus of the project, piloting the data collection methods and interpreting the findings. This collaborative partnership has been a key to ensuring the relevance of this project to FGM-affected women and communities. Tue, 20 Apr 2021 10:33:43 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/falling-between-the-cracks-scotland-2021/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/united-kingdom-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Tue, 20 Apr 2021 10:32:21 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/united-kingdom-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-netherlands-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Tue, 20 Apr 2021 10:31:22 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-netherlands-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/switzerland-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Tue, 20 Apr 2021 10:30:28 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/switzerland-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/sweden-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Tue, 20 Apr 2021 10:29:08 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/sweden-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/spain-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Tue, 20 Apr 2021 10:27:49 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/spain-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/slovenia-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Tue, 20 Apr 2021 10:25:26 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/slovenia-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/slovakia-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Tue, 20 Apr 2021 10:21:41 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/slovakia-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/romania-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Tue, 20 Apr 2021 10:19:06 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/romania-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/portugal-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Tue, 20 Apr 2021 10:18:07 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/portugal-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/poland-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Tue, 20 Apr 2021 10:16:25 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/poland-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/norway-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Tue, 20 Apr 2021 10:15:02 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/norway-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/malta-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Tue, 20 Apr 2021 10:11:59 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/malta-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/luxembourg-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Tue, 20 Apr 2021 10:10:59 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/luxembourg-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/lithuania-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Tue, 20 Apr 2021 10:07:53 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/lithuania-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/liechtenstein-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Tue, 20 Apr 2021 10:04:45 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/liechtenstein-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/latvia-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Tue, 20 Apr 2021 10:03:04 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/latvia-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/italy-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english-1/Tue, 20 Apr 2021 10:00:43 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/italy-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english-1/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/italy-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Tue, 20 Apr 2021 09:58:41 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/italy-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/ireland-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Tue, 20 Apr 2021 09:56:56 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/ireland-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/iceland-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Tue, 20 Apr 2021 09:51:22 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/iceland-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/hungary-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Tue, 20 Apr 2021 09:50:04 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/hungary-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/greece-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Tue, 20 Apr 2021 09:47:41 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/greece-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/germany-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Tue, 20 Apr 2021 09:45:39 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/germany-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-somalia-2021-english/Mon, 19 Apr 2021 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-somalia-2021-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-graph-fgm-in-somalia-2021/Mon, 19 Apr 2021 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-graph-fgm-in-somalia-2021/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/guinea-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Mon, 19 Apr 2021 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/guinea-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-graph-fgm-in-somaliland-2021/Mon, 19 Apr 2021 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-graph-fgm-in-somaliland-2021/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-somaliland-2021-english/Mon, 19 Apr 2021 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-somaliland-2021-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-benin-short-report-2021-english/Mon, 19 Apr 2021 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-benin-short-report-2021-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-update-executive-summary-2021/Mon, 19 Apr 2021 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-update-executive-summary-2021/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-update-fgm-in-somalia-and-somaliland-2021/Mon, 19 Apr 2021 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-update-fgm-in-somalia-and-somaliland-2021/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-update-executive-summary-2021-arabic/Mon, 19 Apr 2021 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-update-executive-summary-2021-arabic/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-update-executive-summary-2021-arabic-1/Mon, 19 Apr 2021 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-update-executive-summary-2021-arabic-1/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/djibouti-short-report-2021/Mon, 19 Apr 2021 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/djibouti-short-report-2021/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/short-report-guinea-2021/Mon, 19 Apr 2021 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/short-report-guinea-2021/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-sierra-leone-2021/Mon, 19 Apr 2021 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-sierra-leone-2021/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-changing-paradigms-of-fgmc-in-iran-kameel-ahmady-2021/ Within some areas of three western and one southern province, Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is embedded in the social fabric of Iranian culture. While lack of interest by government officials has abetted public ignorance of the subject, researching FGM has been part of awareness-raising since 2007 and possibly earlier. The work first came to prominence when in 2015 a pilot project, shooting a film1, and later through comprehensive research published in 20152 carried out. Anthologist and researcher Kameel Ahmady, with a fieldwork teams, surveyed hundreds of women and men in Iran over a six-year period. The research revealed excision mostly by Sunni minorities in West Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Kermanshah and Hormozgan provinces. Indicating reliability of the gathered data in the same provinces, repeated surveys show that the practice is in decline, yet still highly prevalent in some areas. Nonetheless, villages chosen as pilots for training showed great improvement and sharp declines in FGM while other highlighted villages still display a declining trend but at a slower pace. This report analyses the impact of awareness raising to eradicate or reduce FGM rates in West Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Kermanshah and Hormozgan provinces and offers up-to-date data and descriptions of current practices after pilot interventions. It follows publication of In the Name of Tradition: Female Genital Mutilation in Iran. AHMADY KameelMon, 19 Apr 2021 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-changing-paradigms-of-fgmc-in-iran-kameel-ahmady-2021/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-law-and-fgm-in-europe-2021/Mon, 19 Apr 2021 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-law-and-fgm-in-europe-2021/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/belgium-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Mon, 19 Apr 2021 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/belgium-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/bulgaria-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Mon, 19 Apr 2021 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/bulgaria-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/croatia-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Mon, 19 Apr 2021 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/croatia-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/cyprus-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Mon, 19 Apr 2021 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/cyprus-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/czech-republic-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Mon, 19 Apr 2021 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/czech-republic-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/denmark-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Mon, 19 Apr 2021 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/denmark-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/estonia-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Mon, 19 Apr 2021 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/estonia-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/finland-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Mon, 19 Apr 2021 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/finland-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/france-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Mon, 19 Apr 2021 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/france-the-law-and-fgm-2021-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/changes-in-the-prevalence-and-trends-of-female-genital-mutilation-in-iraqi-kurdistan-region-between-2011-and-2018/Background Female genital mutilation (FGM) is commonly practiced in Iraqi Kurdistan Region, where there are extensive efforts to combat the practice over the last decade. This study aimed to determine the trends and changes in the FGM prevalence in Iraq between 2011 and 2018 and assess their associated factors. Methods Secondary data analysis of the Iraq Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011 and 2018 was carried out to calculate the prevalence and the relative changes in the prevalence of FGM for 2011 and 2018 by governorate. The change in the prevalence was compared with the changes in other exposure variables such as age, education level, wealth, and area of residence over the same period. Results The prevalence of FGM in 2018 was high in Erbil and Suleimaniya governorates (50.1% and 45.1%). The prevalence of FGM decreased remarkably from 2011 to 2018 in all governorates of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region. The decrease in the prevalence was statistically significant in Erbil and Suleimaniya. FGM prevalence declined remarkably in all age, education level, residence area groups, and most economic level groups. Such decline was associated with a significant increase in the education level, wealth, and urban residence. The decline was highest in the younger age groups, with a relative change of − 43.0% among 20–24 years and − 39.2% among 15–19 years. The decline was also highest in those with secondary and higher education (relative change = −32%). The decline was higher in rural areas than in urban areas (relative change = −35.3% and − 27.4%, respectively). The decline was higher among the poorest and second wealth quintile (relative change = −38.8% and − 27.2%, respectively). Conclusion The trend of FGM in Iraqi Kurdistan Region declined remarkably and significantly from 2011 to 2018. Further decline is predicted because of having lower rates and a higher decline in the younger age groups. However, the rates remained high in Erbil and Suleimaniya governorates that need further intensifying the preventive measures. The education level of women plays a primary role in decreasing the prevalence and should be considered in future efforts to ban the practice.SHABILA Nazar P.Thu, 01 Apr 2021 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/changes-in-the-prevalence-and-trends-of-female-genital-mutilation-in-iraqi-kurdistan-region-between-2011-and-2018/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/analysing-normative-influences-on-the-prevalence-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-among-014-years-old-girls-in-senegal-a-spatial-bayesian-hierarchical-regression-approach/Background: Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is a harmful traditional practice affecting the health and rights of women and girls. This has raised global attention on the implementation of strategies to eliminate the practice in conformity with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). A recent study on the trends of FGM/C among Senegalese women (aged 15–49) which examined how individual- and community-level factors affected the practice, found significant regional variations in the practice. However, the dynamics of the practice among girls (0–14 years old) is not fully understood. This paper attempts to fill this knowledge gap by investigating normative influences in the persistence of the practice among Senegalese girls, identify and map ‘hotspots’. Methods: We do so by using a class of Bayesian hierarchical geospatial modelling approach implemented in R statistical software (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) using R2BayesX package. We employed Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques for full Bayesian inference, while model fit and complexity assessment utilised deviance information criterion (DIC). Results: We found that a girl’s probability of cutting was higher if her mother was cut, supported FGM/C continuation or believed that the practice was a religious obligation. In addition, living in rural areas and being born to a mother from Diola, Mandingue, Soninke or Poular ethnic group increased a girl’s likelihood of being cut. The hotspots identified included Matam, Tambacounda and Kolda regions. Conclusions: Our findings offer a clearer picture of the dynamics of FGM/C practice among Senegalese girls and prove useful in informing evidence-based intervention policies designed to achieve the abandonment of the practice in Senegal.KANDALA Ngianga-BakwinThu, 01 Apr 2021 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/analysing-normative-influences-on-the-prevalence-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-among-014-years-old-girls-in-senegal-a-spatial-bayesian-hierarchical-regression-approach/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/an-exploratory-action-research-on-female-genital-mutilationcutting-practices-in-the-bangsamoro-region-philippines/Executive Summary: This study is an exploratory action research on the controversial practice of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) in the Philippines in the predominantly Muslim, Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Mindanao. Despite limited research on the practice and a lack of awareness among international and national stakeholders on the occurence of FGM in the Philippines, the study confirmed that the practice is still widespread in Bangsamoro. Alternative, non-harmful practices are gradually replacing FGM in a few areas, as driven by local leadership. MethodologyExploratory action research is a participatory form of qualitative research that engages communities to devise solutions to challenges they identify. The study used focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interview (KIIs) to surface the perspectives and experiences of girls, traditional birth attendants (TBAs), Moro Muslim religious leaders (MRLs), traditional and local leaders, health workers, and social workers. A total of 458 individuals (413 females and 45 males) from three municipalities of five Bangsamoro provinces participated in the study. These provinces were: Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Basilan, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi; with a municipality in the province of Sarangani as pilot study. The study was conducted from March to November 2020. The Research Team applied thematic and content analyses on the participants’ responses. FindingsGirls and women reported being subjected to Type IV FGM. Even girls in their infancy were submitted to the procedure. FGM/C is linked to other issues affecting girls in Bangsamoro such as child, early and forced marriage (CEFM), as it is culturally assumed that girls are ready for marriage after undergoing FGM/C. CEFM in turn leads to disruption and eventual deprivation of access to education as girls are constrained to perform reproductive roles3 expected of married women. Although Although it is not prescribed in the Qur’an, communities widely believe that FGM is an Islamic practice. Pandays, or TBAs, are the main performers of the practice, and mothers are the usual decision-makers about subjecting their female infants to FGM/C. The TBAs tools typically include a thin bamboo strip, a nail-cutting knife (or any other small knife), or a needle. These implements are used to scrape or prick the clitoris or the labia; or to extract “whitish substance” in the area of the clitoris. Participants described how FGM/C is typically carried out alongside other gendered cultural practices such as ear piercing. Girls and women recounted their experiences of fear, pain, irritation, a burning sensation, and bleeding, as a result of FGM/C. It was a traumatic experience for several participants, who reported crying, being physically restrained, or trying to run away when they were subjected to FGM. No infections were reported. However, further complaints of discomfort in the vaginal area were dismissed by the TBAs and parents, claiming that these discomforts are a normal part of FGM and would soon go away. FGM was conducted without sanitary or hygenic precautions beyond wiping the genitals with an alcohol swab after pricking, scraping, or cutting. Participants reported that FGM/C is widely acceptable, commonly practiced, and highly likely to continue in the Bangsamoro region. Participants recommended rooting action to counter the practice in the principles of the Islamic faith, and pointed to the example of Datu Saudi Ampatuan, a municipality in Maguindanao that rejects FGM and is working as a community to eradicate the practice.LIMPAO AminodingMon, 01 Mar 2021 22:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/an-exploratory-action-research-on-female-genital-mutilationcutting-practices-in-the-bangsamoro-region-philippines/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/influence-of-culture-on-girl-child-education-in-central-pokot-sub-county-kenya/Cultural practices such as Female Genital Mutilation, early child marriages and patriarchy have been on the rise in West Pokot despite interventions by government and non-state actors over the years. These outdated cultural practices have hindered the progress of girls academically. It is vital to educate the girl-child in society. However, teenage pregnancy gets girls at the wrong time when they are still in schools and this affects their education very much and eventually ends up ruining their future. This paper looks at how various cultural practices have affected girl child education in West Pokot County, Kenya. The study was conducted in Central Pokot Sub County primary schools targeting 12 headteachers and 120 teachers. The respondents were selected through purposive and simple random sampling. Data was collected using questionnaires and interview schedules. Data collected were analysed using percentages and frequencies. The results of the study showed that the status of girl-child education was low. Cultural factors like; early marriages, female genital mutilation, child labour, widowhood practices and taboos influenced girl-child education. The study found out those cultural factors in the study area affected girl-child education negatively as it slowed down their transition, academic performance and also the acquisition of knowledge required at the basic education level. The study recommends that the government should take legal action against parents who take their girl-children for FGM and early marriages; there is a need for awareness on the importance of girl child education, provision of scholarships for girls at basic and tertiary level and introduction of guidance and counselling sessions in schools.ANDIEMA Nelly C.Mon, 22 Feb 2021 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/influence-of-culture-on-girl-child-education-in-central-pokot-sub-county-kenya/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/evaluating-changes-in-the-prevalence-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-among-0-14-years-old-girls-in-nigeria-using-data-from-multiple-surveys-a-novel-bayesian-hierarchical-spatio-temporal-model/Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is considered a public health and human rights concern, mainly concentrated in Africa, and has been targeted for elimination under the sustainable development goals. Interventions aimed at ending the practice often rely on data from household surveys which employ complex designs leading to outcomes that are not totally independent, thus requiring advanced statistical techniques. Combining data from multiple surveys within robust statistical framework holds promise to provide more precise estimates due to increased sample size, and accurately identify ‘hotspots’ and allow for assessment of changes over time. In this study, rich datasets from six (6) successive waves of the Nigeria Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys undertaken between 2003 and 2016/17, were combined and analyzed in order to better assess changes in the likelihood and prevalence of FGM/C among 0-14-year old girls in Nigeria. We used Bayesian hierarchical regression models which explicitly accounted for the inherent spatial and temporal autocorrelations within the data while simultaneously adjusting for variations due to different survey methods and the effects of linear and non-linear covariates. Parameters were estimated using Markov chain Mote Carlo techniques and model fit assessments were based on Deviance Information Criterion. Results show that prevalence of FGM/C among 0–14 years old girls in Nigeria varied over time and across geographical locations and peaked in 2008 with a shift from South to North. A girl was more likely to be cut if her mother was cut, supported FGM/C continuation, or had no higher education. The effects of mother’s age, wealth and type of residence (urban-rural) were no longer significant in 2016. These results reflect the gains of interventions over the years, but also echo the belief that FGM/C is a social norm thus requiring tailored all-inclusive interventions for the total abandonment of FGM/C in Nigeria.NNANATU Christopher ChibuzorFri, 12 Feb 2021 16:59:50 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/evaluating-changes-in-the-prevalence-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-among-0-14-years-old-girls-in-nigeria-using-data-from-multiple-surveys-a-novel-bayesian-hierarchical-spatio-temporal-model/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/factors-associated-with-female-genital-mutilation-among-women-of-reproductive-age-and-girls-aged-014-in-chad-a-mixed-effects-multilevel-analysis-of-the-20142015-chad-demographic-and-health-survey-data/Background Chad is one of the African countries with high prevalence of female genital mutilation (FGM). The aim of this study was to examine the factors associated with FGM among women aged 15–49 and girls aged 0–14 in Chad. Methods Data for the study were obtained from the 2014–2015 Chad Demographic and Health Survey. FGM among women aged 15–49 and girls aged 0–14 were the outcome variables. The prevalence of FGM among women and girls were presented using percentages while a mixed-effects multilevel multivariable logistic regression analysis was carried out to assess the factors associated with FGM. The results were presented using adjusted odds ratio with associated 95% confidence intervals. Results The results indicate that more than half (50.2%) of the women and 12.9% of girls in Chad had been circumcised. Among women aged 15–49, level of education, employment status, ethnicity, religion, wealth quintile and community literacy level were significant predictors of FGM. Age, partner’s level of education, marital status, employment status, ethnicity, religion and mother’s FGM status were associated with FGM among girls aged 0–14. Conclusion This study has identified several individual and contextual factors as predictors of FGM among women and girls in Chad. The findings imply the need to adopt strategies aimed at addressing these factors in order to help eliminate the practice of FGM. Government and non-governmental organisations in Chad need to implement policies that enhance media advocacy and community dialogue to help deal with FGM in the country.AHINKORAH Bright OpokuThu, 04 Feb 2021 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/factors-associated-with-female-genital-mutilation-among-women-of-reproductive-age-and-girls-aged-014-in-chad-a-mixed-effects-multilevel-analysis-of-the-20142015-chad-demographic-and-health-survey-data/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/a-hybrid-effectiveness-implementation-research-study-protocol-targeting-antenatal-care-providers-to-provide-female-genital-mutilation-prevention-and-care-services-in-guinea-kenya-and-somalia/Background In settings with high prevalence of female genital mutilation (FGM), the health sector could play a bigger role in its prevention and care of women and girls who have undergone this harmful practice. However, ministries of health lack clear policies, strategic plans or dedicated funding to implement anti-FGM interventions. Along with limited relevant knowledge and skills to prevent the practice of FGM and care for girls and women living with FGM, health providers have limited interpersonal communication skills and self-efficacy, while some may have supportive attitudes towards FGM and its medicalization. We propose to test the effectiveness of a health system strengthening intervention that includes training antenatal care (ANC) providers on person-centred communication (PCC) for FGM prevention. Methods This will be a two-level, hybrid, effectiveness-implementation research study using a cluster randomized trial design in Guinea, Kenya and Somalia conducted over a 6 months period. In each country, within pre-selected regions/counties, 60 ANC clinics will be randomized to intervention and control arms. At baseline, all clinics will receive the level one intervention involving provision of FGM-related clinical guidelines and handbook as well as anti-FGM policies and posters. At month 3, intervention clinics will receive the level two intervention comprising of a training for ANC providers on PCC to challenge their FGM-related attitudes and build their communication skills to effectively provide FGM prevention counselling. A process evaluation will be conducted to understand ‘how’ and ‘why’ the intervention package achieves intended results. Multi-level regression modelling will be used for quantitative data analysis while qualitative data will be assessed using thematic content analysis to determine the effectiveness, feasibility and acceptability of the different intervention levels. Discussion The proposed study will strengthen the knowledge base regarding how to effectively involve health providers in FGM prevention and care. Trial registration Trial registration and date: PACTR201906696419769 (June 3rd, 2019).AHMED WisalMon, 01 Feb 2021 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/a-hybrid-effectiveness-implementation-research-study-protocol-targeting-antenatal-care-providers-to-provide-female-genital-mutilation-prevention-and-care-services-in-guinea-kenya-and-somalia/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-moral-challenges-of-female-genital-mutilation-on-the-stability-of-marriage-in-ebonyi-state/Many cultures, in Nigeria today, are emerging from very traditional arcane cultural practices and are embracing more egalitarian and emancipatory values, especially for women. One of the cultural practices that have come under intense scrutiny in the treatment of women and the girl-child is the practice of Female Genital Mutilation or Cutting (FGM/C). It is one of the widely and deep-rooted cultural practices in Nigeria, especially in Ebonyi State. The aim of this paper is to examine the morality of female genital mutilation and its effect on the stability of marriages in Ebonyi state. The questions become, what is female genital mutilation? Is the practice morally justified and acceptable? Does it abuse the fundamental right of the woman? How does it affect the stability of marriages? These questions and many of its kinds surround the cultural practices of Female Genital Mutilation. This work is a contribution to the body of qualitative research, which explores the morality and effect of female genital mutilation on the stability of marriages, in Ebonyi state. The researchers contend that female genital mutilation (FGM) has a negative impact on the sexual life for women and therefore impacts negatively on their marriage. Using the moral prism and spectacles of virtue ethics and human right theories to examine the cultural practice of FGM, it therefore concludes that it should be discouraged because it violates women’s rights to life, physical integrity, good health and social flourishing.IKEA Chidimma StellaMon, 01 Feb 2021 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-moral-challenges-of-female-genital-mutilation-on-the-stability-of-marriage-in-ebonyi-state/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/knowledge-attitudes-and-perception-of-the-public-on-female-genital-mutilation/Despite global concerns, awareness, and campaigns against Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), prevalenceremains high in most countries of the globe, especially Africa. Current study investigated the knowledge, attitudeand public perception on FGM of Bini indigenes who reside in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State,Southern Nigeria. A total of one hundred and fifty (150) participants were ethically recruited from Benin City,Nigeria. An open ended questionnaire of about the same number (n = 150) was carefully structured, validated anddistributed to participants in order to ascertain their level of awareness and understanding of the socio-culturalimplications of FGM. An oral interview was also conducted on participants to determine the effect of their levelof education on possible promulgation of FGM within the study area. Sociodemographic data of respondents werealso collected and comparisons made across gender, age and religious lines on beliefs and practices of FGM.Sections of the questionnaire were subjected to statistical analysis after data collection, results expressed in simple percentages. After careful observation, study found that about 74.5% of the respondents were ill-informed on the cultural norms and principles of FGM in line with global best practices of the World Health Organizations (WHO). However, not fewer than 36.3% of the respondents show adequate knowledge on the concept of FGM. Study also observed that a great percentage of educated respondents strongly opposed to the idea of FGM. This implies that educational health campaigns against FGM could be useful in combating the hazardous implications of FGM on the socio-cultural well-being of the female child. Continuous education geared towards global best practices in study area is highly recommended.KAPLAN AdrianaSat, 16 Jan 2021 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/knowledge-attitudes-and-perception-of-the-public-on-female-genital-mutilation/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/trend-in-female-genital-mutilation-and-its-associated-adverse-birth-outcomes-a-10-year-retrospective-birth-registry-study-in-northern-tanzania/Background Approximately 200 million women and girls were reported to have undergone female genital mutilation worldwide in 2015.UNICEF’s data based on household survey estimates 15% of women from 15–49 years have undergone FGM from year 2004–2015. Despite this, reliable data on trend of prevalence of female genital mutilation and its associated birth outcomes have not been documented in Tanzania. This study aimed at determining the trends of female genital mutilation and associated maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes in northern Tanzania. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using maternally-linked data from Kilimanjaro Christian Medical birth registry involving 30,286 women who gave birth to singletons from 2004–2014. The prevalence of female genital mutilation was computed as proportion of women with female genital mutilation yearly over 10 years. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for adverse birth outcomes associated with female genital mutilation were estimated using multivariable logistic regression model. Results Over the 10-year period, the prevalence of female genital mutilation averaged 15.4%. Female genital mutilation decreased from 23.6% in 2005 to 10.6% in 2014. Female genital mutilation was associated with increased odds for caesarean section (aOR1.26; 95% CI: 1.18–1.34), post-partum haemorrhage (aOR 1.31; 95% CI: 1.10–1.57) and long hospital stay (aOR 1.21; 95% CI: 1.14–1.29). Female genital mutilation also increased women’s likelihood of delivering an infant with low Apgar score at 5th minute (aOR 1.60; 95% CI: 1.37–1.89).FGM type III and IV had increased odds of caesarean section, episiotomy and prolonged duration of hospital stay as compared to FGM type I and II, although the association was statistically insignificant. Conclusion Female genital mutilation prevalence has declined over the study period. Our study has demonstrated that postpartum haemorrhage, delivery by caesarean section, long maternal hospital stays and low APGAR score are associated with FGM. Initiatives to mitigate FGM practice should be strengthened further to reduce/eliminate this practice. Moreover, surgical interventions to improve severe form FGM are welcomed to improve the aforementioned aspects of obstetric outcome in this locality.SULEIMAN Issa RashidWed, 06 Jan 2021 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/trend-in-female-genital-mutilation-and-its-associated-adverse-birth-outcomes-a-10-year-retrospective-birth-registry-study-in-northern-tanzania/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/perceptions-towards-female-circumcision-in-malaysia/BackgroundThe practice of female circumcision in Malaysia is multifaceted; it is a collective behaviour governed by an interplay of aspects, mainly culture, religion, and health. This study seeks to extend the existing knowledge on female circumcision in Malaysia by researching the perception of Muslim Malays towards the practice, in particular youth and mothers, through an online questionnaire and focus group discussions. The questionnaire was analysed using descriptive statistics, while the transcripts from the focus group discussions were analysed thematically. Main findings from the online questionnaire Key findings from the online questionnaire suggest that the majority of the respondents held the belief that the practice is justified by religion. A large majority believed the practice can promote self-hygiene. Furthermore, almost a third of respondents perceived that female circumcision has no risks or poses a minimum risk, although a minority also believed it is a high-risk practice. Over half of the respondents stated that they do not receive pressure from any party to practice female circumcision. Family pressure is one of the main reasons for the continuing of the practice for respondents who do indicate some sort of pressure is upon them. Most respondents were likely to carry out female circumcision even without religious or cultural obligations. More than half of the respondents indicated that they would not continue with the practice if there were no health benefits. The level of trust in doctors was perceived as very high among the respondents which could lead to possibilities for education. Main findings from the focus group discussions Salient themes identified from the focus group discussions were hygiene and cleanliness as a perceived benefit of female circumcision; the link between the practice and custom, culture and tradition; and the notion of religious obligation associated with the practice. There appeared to be differing opinions about religious rulings, comparison of female circumcision to male circumcision, the mildness of the practice, and influence of, and trust towards doctors.PILLAI, Stefanie ShamilaFri, 01 Jan 2021 22:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/perceptions-towards-female-circumcision-in-malaysia/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/insights-into-preventing-female-genital-mutilationcutting-in-sri-lanka-a-qualitative-interpretative-study/AbstractBackground: FGM/C is a cultural practice associated with adverse health outcomes that involves the partial or complete removal of the external female genitalia or injury to the genitalia. FGM/C is a form of violence against women and girls. There are no laws that specifcally outlaw FGM/C in Sri Lanka and no national prevalence data. There is a lack of evidence about this practice to inform prevention eforts required to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 5.3.2, which focuses on the elimination of all harmful practices, including FGM/C. Methods: We undertook a qualitative interpretative study to explore the knowledge and perceptions of community members, religious leaders and professionals from the health, legal and community work sectors in fve districts across Sri Lanka. We aimed to identify strategies to end this practice. Results: Two-hundred-and twenty-one people participated in focus group discussions and key informant interviews. A template analysis identifed fve top-level themes: Providers, procedures and associated rituals; demand and decision-making; the role of religion; perceived benefts and adverse outcomes; ways forward for prevention. Conclusions: This study delivered detailed knowledge of FGM/C related beliefs, perceptions and practitioners and provided opportunities to develop an integrated programming strategy that incorporates interventions across three levels of prevention.DAWSON AngelaFri, 01 Jan 2021 22:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/insights-into-preventing-female-genital-mutilationcutting-in-sri-lanka-a-qualitative-interpretative-study/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/understanding-the-relationship-between-child-marriage-and-female-genital-mutilation/Fri, 01 Jan 2021 18:48:15 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/understanding-the-relationship-between-child-marriage-and-female-genital-mutilation/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/trends-and-determinants-of-female-genital-mutilation-in-ethiopia-multilevel-analysis-of-2000-2005-and-2016-ethiopian-demographic-and-health-surveys/Background Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a harmful practice that causes health-related problems in the life of the affected women and girls. Though FGM is declared as a human right violation, studies revealed it is being practiced throughout Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the prevalence, trends, and predictors of FGM among reproductive-aged (15-49 years) women in Ethiopia. Methods Trends of FGM among reproductive-age women were estimated using the three Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS): 2000 (n=15,367), 2005 (n=14,070) and 2016 (n=7248) data. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify both individual- and community-level factors of FGM using the latest (2016) EDHS. To adjust potential confounders, the analysis was conducted considering sample weighting, clustering, and stratifications using STATA-14 software. Results The prevalence of FGM among women of reproductive age in Ethiopia decreased from 79.91% in 2000 to 70.37% in 2016. Similarly, FGM among daughters of circumcised mothers decreased from 56.16% in 2000 to 16.76% in 2016. Being Muslim (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 5.48; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.23, 7.09), attending higher education (AOR 0.40; 95% CI: 0.29, 0.54), 45-49 years old (AOR 5.06; 95% CI: 3.38, 7.57), marriage at age >18 years (AOR 0.80; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.96), not working (AOR 1.20; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.41), married (AOR 1.41; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.77) and residing in peripheral region (AOR 3.0.4; 95% CI: 1.96, 4.70) were determinants of FGM. Conclusion Though the reduction of FGM among women of reproductive age in Ethiopia was minimal, it was encouraging among daughters of circumcised women over the last 16 years. Education, religion, age, age at marriage, occupation, marital status, and geographical regions were determinants of FGM. Combined and integrated interventions based on the identified factors are recommended to abandon FGM in Ethiopia.ALEMU Addisu AlehegnFri, 01 Jan 2021 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/trends-and-determinants-of-female-genital-mutilation-in-ethiopia-multilevel-analysis-of-2000-2005-and-2016-ethiopian-demographic-and-health-surveys/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/delivering-srhr-under-covid-19-communicating-and-partnering-for-social-change-diversity-participation-and-inclusion/In Uganda, the estimated prevalence of FGM in girls and women (aged 15-49 years) is 0.3% according to the most recent Demographic Health Survey (DHS, 2016). However, this trend seems to be changing over time. Data from the field showed an increasing trend with a regional prevalence at 27% for Karamoja and eastern districts (UBOS, 2017). Additionally, the UNICEF/UBOS policy brief report 2020 showed an average of 26.6% FGM prevalence rate across the six practicing districts, much higher than the national average.SIZOMU AnneFri, 01 Jan 2021 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/delivering-srhr-under-covid-19-communicating-and-partnering-for-social-change-diversity-participation-and-inclusion/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/austria-the-law-and-fgmc-2021-english/Fri, 01 Jan 2021 06:00:00 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/austria-the-law-and-fgmc-2021-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-law-and-fgmc-austria-2021-german/Fri, 01 Jan 2021 06:00:00 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-law-and-fgmc-austria-2021-german/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-graph-fgmc-in-mauritania-201921-arabic/Fri, 01 Jan 2021 06:00:00 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-graph-fgmc-in-mauritania-201921-arabic/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgmc-in-mauritania-201921-arabic/Fri, 01 Jan 2021 06:00:00 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgmc-in-mauritania-201921-arabic/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgmc-in-mauritania-french-201921/Fri, 01 Jan 2021 06:00:00 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgmc-in-mauritania-french-201921/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/belgium-the-law-and-fgmc-2021-french/Fri, 01 Jan 2021 06:00:00 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/belgium-the-law-and-fgmc-2021-french/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/sweden-the-law-and-fgmc-2021-swedish/Fri, 01 Jan 2021 06:00:00 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/sweden-the-law-and-fgmc-2021-swedish/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/switzerland-the-law-and-fgmc-2021-german/Fri, 01 Jan 2021 06:00:00 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/switzerland-the-law-and-fgmc-2021-german/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgmc-in-mauritania-201921/Fri, 01 Jan 2021 06:00:00 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgmc-in-mauritania-201921/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/belgium-the-law-and-fgmc-2021-flemish/Fri, 01 Jan 2021 06:00:00 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/belgium-the-law-and-fgmc-2021-flemish/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/norway-the-law-and-fgmc-2021-norwegian/Fri, 01 Jan 2021 06:00:00 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/norway-the-law-and-fgmc-2021-norwegian/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/portugal-the-law-and-fgmc-2021-portuguese/Fri, 01 Jan 2021 06:00:00 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/portugal-the-law-and-fgmc-2021-portuguese/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/germany-the-law-and-fgmc-2021-german/Fri, 01 Jan 2021 06:00:00 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/germany-the-law-and-fgmc-2021-german/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/spain-the-law-and-fgmc-2021-spanish/Fri, 01 Jan 2021 06:00:00 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/spain-the-law-and-fgmc-2021-spanish/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/switzerland-the-law-and-fgmc-2021-french/Fri, 01 Jan 2021 06:00:00 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/switzerland-the-law-and-fgmc-2021-french/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/switzerland-the-law-and-fgmc-2021-italian/Fri, 01 Jan 2021 06:00:00 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/switzerland-the-law-and-fgmc-2021-italian/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-netherlands-the-law-and-fgmc-2021-english-2/Fri, 01 Jan 2021 06:00:00 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-netherlands-the-law-and-fgmc-2021-english-2/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-ethiopia-update-key-findings-2023-amharic/THOMSON ShannonFri, 01 Jan 2021 06:00:00 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-ethiopia-update-key-findings-2023-amharic/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/do-educated-women-in-sierra-leone-support-discontinuation-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-evidence-from-the-2013-demographic-and-health-survey/Introduction Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) comprises all procedures that involve the total or partial elimination of the external genitalia or any injury to the female genital organ for non-medical purposes. More than 200 million females have undergone the procedure globally, with a prevalence of 89.6% in Sierra Leone. Education is acknowledged as a fundamental strategy to end FGM/C. This study aims to assess women's educational attainment and how this impacts their views on whether FGM/C should be discontinued in Sierra Leone. Methods We used data from the 2013 Sierra Leone Demographic and Health Survey. A total of 15,228 women were included in the study. We carried out a descriptive analysis, followed by Binary Logistic Regression analyses. We presented the results of the Binary Logistic Regression as Crude Odds Ratios (COR) and Adjusted Odds Ratios (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Most of the women with formal education (65.5%) and 15.6% of those without formal education indicated that FGM/C should be discontinued. Similarly, 35% of those aged 15–19 indicated that FGM/C should be discontinued. Women with a higher education level had a higher likelihood of reporting that FGM/C should be discontinued [AOR 4.02; CI 3.00–5.41]. Christian women [AOR 1.72; CI 1.44–2.04], those who reported that FGM/C is not required by religion [AOR 8.68; CI 7.29–10.34], wealthier women [AOR 1.37; CI 1.03–1.83] and those residing in the western part of Sierra Leone [AOR 1.61; CI 1.16–2.23] were more likely to state that FGM/C should be discontinued. In contrast, women in union [AOR 0.75; CI 0.62–0.91], circumcised women [AOR 0.41; CI 0.33–0.52], residents of the northern region [AOR 0.63; CI 0.46–0.85] and women aged 45–49 [AOR 0.66; CI 0.48–0.89] were less likely to report that FGM/C should be discontinued in Sierra Leone. Conclusion This study supports the argument that education is crucial to end FGM/C. Age, religion and religious support for FGM/C, marital status, wealth status, region, place of residence, mothers' experience of FGM/C and having a daughter at home are key influences on the discontinuation of FGM/C in Sierra Leone. The study demonstrates the need to pay critical attention to uneducated women, older women and women who have been circumcised to help Sierra Leone end FGM/C and increase its prospects of achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) three and five.AMEYAW Edward KwabenaSat, 07 Nov 2020 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/do-educated-women-in-sierra-leone-support-discontinuation-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-evidence-from-the-2013-demographic-and-health-survey/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/prevalence-of-female-genital-mutilation-and-womens-knowledge-attitude-and-intention-to-practice-in-egypt-a-nationwide-survey/AbstractBackground: Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a human rights violation of girls and women and quite common in several countries, including Egypt. Objective(s): To estimate the prevalence of FGM among Egyptian females, to assess their knowledge, attitude, and intention to practice FGM, and to determine their possible correlates. Methods: A total of 770 females aged 15 - 49 years attending the family health centers at five randomly selected Egyptian governorates representing the different provinces of Egypt were included. A cross-sectional study design was used. A predesigned structured interviewing questionnaire was utilized to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics, females’ knowledge and attitude regarding FGM, and their intention to practice FGM. Special scoring systems were developed regarding knowledge and attitude. Results: The prevalence of FGM was 74.2%. Only 5.7% of females had a good level of knowledge, 65.3% had a favorable attitude regarding (i.e. were against) FGM, and 31.8% reported that they intended to practice FGM. Logistic regression models showed that younger age, rural area of residence, and level of education (illiteracy or just reading and writing) were significantly associated with a poor level of knowledge, and level of education, marital status, exposure to mutilation, and level of knowledge significantly affected their attitude. Significant predictors of females’ intention to practice were their mutilation experience, level of knowledge, and attitude and husband’s pressure to perform FGM. Conclusion: FGM remains common in Egypt. Poor knowledge and unfavorable attitude had a positive significant correlation, and both were among the predictors of females’ intention to practice mutilation. Males played a role in the continuation of practice in the community. Awareness campaigns and law enforcement may help reduce the practice of FGM in Egypt.ABDOU Marwa S. M.Wed, 04 Nov 2020 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/prevalence-of-female-genital-mutilation-and-womens-knowledge-attitude-and-intention-to-practice-in-egypt-a-nationwide-survey/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/medicalization-of-female-genital-cutting-in-malaysia-a-mixed-methods-study/AbstractBackgroundDespite the clear stand taken by the United Nations (UN) and other international bodies in ensuring that female genital cutting (FGC) is not performed by health professionals, the rate of medicalization has not reduced. The current study aimed to determine the extent of medicalization of FGC among doctors in Malaysia, who the doctors were who practiced it, how and what was practiced, and the motivations for the practice. Methods and findingsThis mixed method (qualitative and quantitative) study was conducted from 2018 to 2019 using a self-administered questionnaire among Muslim medical doctors from 2 main medical associations with a large number of Muslim members from all over Malaysia who attended their annual conference. For those doctors who did not attend the conference, the questionnaire was posted to them. Association A had 510 members, 64 male Muslim doctors and 333 female Muslim doctors. Association B only had Muslim doctors; 3,088 were female, and 1,323 were male. In total, 894 questionnaires were distributed either by hand or by post, and 366 completed questionnaires were received back. For the qualitative part of the study, a snowball sampling method was used, and 24 in-depth interviews were conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire, until data reached saturation. Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS version 18 (IBM, Armonk, NY). A chi-squared test and binary logistic regression were performed. The qualitative data were transcribed manually, organized, coded, and recoded using NVivo version 12. The clustered codes were elicited as common themes. Most of the respondents were women, had medical degrees from Malaysia, and had a postgraduate degree in Family Medicine. The median age was 42. Most were working with the Ministry of Health (MoH) Malaysia, and in a clinic located in an urban location. The prevalence of Muslim doctors practising FGC was 20.5% (95% CI 16.6-24.9). The main reason cited for practising FGC was religious obligation. Qualitative findings too showed that religion was a strong motivating factor for the practice and its continuation, besides culture and harm reduction. Although most Muslim doctors performed type IV FGC, there were a substantial number performing type I. Respondents who were women (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 4.4, 95% CI 1.9-10.0. P <0.001), who owned a clinic (aOR 30.7, 95% CI 12.0-78.4. P < 0.001) or jointly owned a clinic (aOR 7.61, 95% CI 3.2-18.1. P <0.001), who thought that FGC was legal in Malaysia (aOR 2.09, 95% CI 1.02-4.3. P = 0.04), and who were encouraged in religion (aOR 2.25, 95% CI 3.2-18.1. P = 0.036) and thought that FGC should continue (aOR 3.54, 95% CI 1.25–10.04. P = 0.017) were more likely to practice FGC. The main limitations of the study were the small sample size and low response rate. ConclusionsIn this study, we found that many of the Muslim doctors were unaware of the legal and international stand against FGC, and many wanted the practice to continue. It is a concern that type IV FGC carried out by traditional midwives may be supplanted and exacerbated by type I FGC performed by doctors, calling for strong and urgent action by the Malaysian medical authorities.RASHID AbdulTue, 27 Oct 2020 22:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/medicalization-of-female-genital-cutting-in-malaysia-a-mixed-methods-study/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/changing-prevalence-and-factors-associated-with-female-genital-mutilation-in-ethiopia-data-from-the-2000-2005-and-2016-national-demographic-health-surveys/AbstractSettingFemale genital mutilation (FGM) is a traditional surgical modification of the female genitalia comprising all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for cultural or nontherapeutic reasons. It can be harmful and violates girls' and women's human rights. FGM is a worldwide problem but mainly practiced in Africa. FGM is still widely practiced in Ethiopia despite being made a criminal offence in 2004. Objective Using data from three Ethiopian Demographic Health Surveys (EDHS) conducted in 2000, 2005 and 2016 the objective was to assess changes in prevalence of FGM and associated factors among women of reproductive age and their daughters. Methods EDHS datasets for the three surveys included data on FGM prevalence and socio-demographic factors. After weighting, the data were analysed using frequencies, proportions and the chi square test for trend. Categorical variables associated with FGM in 2016 were compared using OpenEpi and presented as prevalence ratios (Pr) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI). Levels of significance were set at 5% (P<0.05). Results There was overall decline in FGM prevalence (from 79.9% to 74.3% to 65.2%, P<0.001), especially in younger women aged 15-19 years, and in the proportion of women who believed that the practice should continue (from 59.7% to 28.3% to 17.5%, P<0.001). There was also a decreasing trend of FGM in the daughters of the mothers who were interviewed, with prevalence significantly lower in mothers who had not themselves undergone FGM. Most (88.3%) women with FGM had the surgery as a child with the procedure mainly performed by a traditional circumciser (87.3%). Factors associated with higher FGM prevalence and lack of progress over the sixteen years included living in certain regions, especially Somali where FGM prevalence remained consistently <95%, lack of school education, coming from rural areas and living in less wealthy households. Conclusion Although progress has been slow, the prevalence of FGM in Ethiopia has declined over time. Recommendations to quicken the trajectory of decline targeting integrated interventions to high prevalence areas focusing on mothers, fathers, youngsters, religious leaders and schools and ensuring that all girls receive some form of education.AZEZE Gedion AsnakeThu, 03 Sep 2020 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/changing-prevalence-and-factors-associated-with-female-genital-mutilation-in-ethiopia-data-from-the-2000-2005-and-2016-national-demographic-health-surveys/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilationcutting-in-sierra-leone-are-educated-women-intending-to-circumcise-their-daughters/Background Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) has been recognized as a gross violation of human rights of girls and women. This is well established in numerous international legal instruments. It forms part of the initiation ceremony that confers womanhood in Sierra Leone. Girls and women who are subjected to this practice are considered to be ready for marriage by their parents and communities and are rewarded with celebrations, gifts, and public recognition. Following this, we examined the relationship between education and women’s FGM/C intention for their daughters in Sierra Leone. Methods We used cross-sectional data from the women’s file of the 2013 Sierra Leone Demographic and Health Survey (SLDHS) to explore the influence of education on FGM/C intention among women in the reproductive age (15–49). A sample of 6543 women were included in the study. Our analysis involved descriptive computation of education and FGM/C intention. This was followed by a two-level multilevel analysis. Fixed effect results were reported as Odds Ratios and Adjusted Odds Ratios with their respective credible intervals (CrIs) whilst results of the random effects were presented as variance partition coefficients and median odds ratios. Results Our findings showed that women who had no formal education were more likely to intend to circumcise their daughters [aOR = 4.3, CrI = 2.4–8.0]. Among the covariates, women aged 20–24 [aOR = 2.3, CrI = 1.5–3.4] were more likely to intend to circumcise their daughters compared to women between 45 and 49 years old. Poorest women were more likely to report intention of circumcising their daughters in the future compared with the richest [aOR = 2.1, CrI = 1.3–3.2]. We noted that, 63.3% of FGM/C intention in Sierra Leone is attributable to contextual factors. Conclusion FGM/C intention is more common among women with no education, younger women as well as women in the lowest wealth category. We recommend segmented female-child educational and pro-poor policies that target uneducated women in Sierra Leone. The study further suggests that interventions to end FGM/C need to focus on broader contextual and social norms in Sierra Leone.AMEYAW Edward KwabenaThu, 23 Jul 2020 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilationcutting-in-sierra-leone-are-educated-women-intending-to-circumcise-their-daughters/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/important-lessons-on-fgmc-abandonment-from-four-research-studies-in-egypt/AbstractFemale genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) continues to be a widespread practice in Egypt. According to the 2014 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey, the prevalence of FGM/C was 92 percent among ever-married women aged 15–49. However, Egypt continues to witness a drastic surge in the medicalization of FGM/C, with 74 percent of women aged 19 years and younger circumcised by medical practitioners, compared to 55 percent in 1995. This policy brief provides key results and recommendations of four studies conducted by the Population Council/ Egypt under the Evidence to End FGM/C project, in coordination with Egypt’s National Population Council. The four studies investigated the process through which families reach a decision on FGM/C; study the impact of FGM/C campaigns on the perspectives surrounding the practice; examine the characteristics of abandoners and challenges they face in maintaining their position; and understand the drivers of the medicalization of the practice. The ultimate goal of the studies, conducted between 2016 and 2019, is to assist the National Taskforce for Ending Female Genital Mutilation/Circumcision in developing evidence-based policies and programs to accelerate the abandonment of FGM/C.WAHBA NadaWed, 15 Jul 2020 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/important-lessons-on-fgmc-abandonment-from-four-research-studies-in-egypt/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/commentary-using-law-more-effectively-towards-abandonment-of-fgmc-in-kenya/AbstractFemale genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is considered a harmful cultural practice and a form of violence against women. Kenya has an FGM/C prevalence rate of 21 percent, but levels vary by ethnic group. Kenya has adopted a robust legal framework for the prohibition of FGM/C, including passage of the Prohibition of FGM Act in 2011, a detailed law that criminalizes carrying out FGM/C and associated offenses. Kenya relies on the human rights–based approach and criminalization in its legal framework for the prohibition of this practice. Despite extensive legal provisions, Kenya has prosecuted fewer than 100 cases, raising concerns with the law’s enforcement. This commentary reflects consultations with key actors regarding results of the Evidence to End FGM/C Research Program’s study assessing the role of law in reducing the practice in Kenya. Expert opinions on the implementation of Kenya’s anti-FGM/C law and potential areas for strengthening this approach have been collated to outline recommendations on how the legal framework for the prohibition of FGM/C in Kenya can be strengthened to better contribute toward abandonment of the practice.MEROKA-MUTUA Agnes K.Wed, 15 Jul 2020 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/commentary-using-law-more-effectively-towards-abandonment-of-fgmc-in-kenya/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilationcutting-and-breastfeeding-outcomes-the-modifying-effects-of-healthcare-access-and-womens-attitudes-to-fgmc/The prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) in Nigeria is on the rise, although the practice has no known medical/health benefits. This study aims to assess FGM/C’s effect on breastfeeding outcomes and to identify the role of women’s attitudes and their access to healthcare services on these relationships. Associations between FGM/C and breastfeeding outcomes were measured using multi-logistic regression. About 32% of women underwent FGM/C, and 23% believed FGM/C should continue. Women exposed to FGM/C were less likely to initiate early breastfeeding (OR = 0.56, [95% CI = 0.47–0.66]) or to breastfeed exclusively (0.64, [0.57–0.73]). FGM/C acceptance reduced odds of early initiation of breastfeeding (0.57, [0.45–0.73]) (p for interaction < 0.001) and exclusive breastfeeding (0.65, [0.59–0.78]) (p for interaction < 0.001). Four or more antenatal care visits while pregnant modified the associations between FGM/C and early initiation (1.55, [1.26–1.90) (p for interaction < 0.001) or exclusive breastfeeding (2.01, [1.73–2.330]) (p for interaction < 0.001), respectively. FGM/C is associated with breastfeeding outcomes, but this association may be improved with healthcare access and attitudinal changes towards FGM/C. Targeted public health education interventions raising awareness about FGM/C and breastfeeding and policy changes increasing access to prenatal healthcare services in underserved areas are recommended.OBIOHA Chinedu U.Thu, 09 Jul 2020 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilationcutting-and-breastfeeding-outcomes-the-modifying-effects-of-healthcare-access-and-womens-attitudes-to-fgmc/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-female-genital-mutilation-fgm-migration-matrix/ABSTRACTThe movement of people from and to countries and regions with different Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) prevalence and practices and the implications for the elimination of FGM are under researched. In this article, we intend to examine the factors that support or deter Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in the context of internal, regional and international migration in and from countries in the Arab League Region. We selected the Arab League Region as the focus of this article as it contains countries with some of the highest FGM adult prevalence rates in the world, as well as countries where FGM is not traditionally performed. It is also a region with high levels of population mobility including internal, regional and international flows of migration. The region thus provides a case study, which can help elucidate other geographical migration FGM contexts.BARRETT HazelWed, 17 Jun 2020 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-female-genital-mutilation-fgm-migration-matrix/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/gender-based-violence-against-females-in-narok-county-the-dragon-in-their-way-to-achieving-education-and-safety/All over the world, Kenya included, there have been long standing attempts to eradicate all forms of violence against females.. The purpose of the study was to identify indicators of Gender Based Violence and factors reinforcing Gender Based Violence against females in Narok County, Kenya. Narok County was selected purposively because the county has been on the limelight on GBV and women's literacy is low. The study was guided by cultural lag theory by William Ogburn. Questionnaires, interview schedule and focus group discussions were used to collect data. Findings revealed that GBV such as Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), child marriage and polygamy are still rampant in Narok County. The main factor reinforcing GBV against females was culture. Other factors were poverty, illiteracy among women and lack of economic empowerment among women. The study recommends the need to educate girls and women on their rights and laws that protect them, lobbing for change and change of strategy by law enforces. The study also recommends a broad view of the problem and focus on other factors such as eradicating poverty, improving women literacy, empowering women socially, economically and politically and supporting women to speak out on issues that violate their rights without fear.JOSEPHINE UhuruSat, 06 Jun 2020 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/gender-based-violence-against-females-in-narok-county-the-dragon-in-their-way-to-achieving-education-and-safety/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/knowledge-attitude-and-practice-towards-female-genital-mutilation-among-reproductive-age-women-in-amad-imam-town-jarso-district-east-hararge-zone-oromia-region-ethiopia-a-community-based-study/AbstractBackground: Despite the widespread practice of FGM, not much attention had been given to it until recently. The attitude of expectant mothers towards it is crucial in sustaining it. It is practiced mainly in Africa and in some Asian countries. Objective: To assess knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) towards FGM among the reproductive age women in Amad Imam town, Jarso district, East Hararge zone, Oromia Region. Methods: A community based cross sectional study was employed. Study was conducted from March 15 to April 1/2018. Systematic random sampling technique was used to select study subjects and data was collected by using pretested, structured questionnaire, translated to local language (Oromiffa). Results: A total of 264 female respondents in the reproductive age group (15-49 years) were interviewed with structured questionnaire. Prevalence of FGM in the study area was 91.28%, where excision (type II) is the commonest type of FGM practiced. clitoridectomy and suni where reported 30.68% and 16.28% respectively. 178(67.4%) of the respondents had good knowledge on FGM and 188(71.2%) of the respondent women had positive attitude towards FGM, and 30(11.36%) had negative attitude towards FGM. Conclusion: FGM is common practice in the eastern Hararge Zone, East Ethiopia .There is a gap between knowledge of negative effect of the practice and positive attitude toward the practice to continue. Hence, wide information, education and communication recommended.ANMUT WalellignMon, 01 Jun 2020 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/knowledge-attitude-and-practice-towards-female-genital-mutilation-among-reproductive-age-women-in-amad-imam-town-jarso-district-east-hararge-zone-oromia-region-ethiopia-a-community-based-study/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/bayesian-binary-logistic-generalized-linear-mixed-models-of-female-genital-mutilation/Background: Female genital mutilation could be a global public unhealthiness, and it's practiced by many communities in Africa, special Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, the factors related to FGM practices are poorly understood. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of female genital mutilation and its associated factors with FGM among reproductive age women within the country. Method: A secondary data analysis was disbursed supported the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2016. Bayesian binary Logistic Regression GLMM, which allows taking into consideration both individual and population variability in model parameter estimate was employed. Results: The general prevalence of female genital mutilation among participants (15-49 years old) in Ethiopia was found to be 69.6%. From Bayesian random intercept binary logistic analysis it had been found that rural, Muslim, middle Wealth index, rich Wealth index people, Secondary and above were statistically significant with Female genital mutilation. Conclusion: Rural residence, Muslim religion, middle wealth index , rich wealth index, people 25-34 years old, the people 35-49 years old, ever heard of female genital mutilation, occupation of girls were positively related to female genital mutilation practice. On the opposite hand, husband/partner's primary education level, husband/partner's secondary and above educational level, husband/partner occupation (merchant and others) were negatively related to female genital mutilation. Despite the presence of various interventions, the prevalence of female genital mutilation continues to be very high within the country.WORKIE Mekuanint SimenehThu, 28 May 2020 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/bayesian-binary-logistic-generalized-linear-mixed-models-of-female-genital-mutilation/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/is-female-genital-mutilation-associated-with-eclampsia-evidence-from-a-nationally-representative-survey-data/Background Studies have shown the impact of female genital mutilation (FGM), especially infibulation (WHO type III), on reproductive health, and adverse obstetric outcomes like postpartum haemorrhage and obstructed labour. However, whether an association exists with maternal hypertensive complication is not known. The present study sought to investigate the role of the different types of FGM on the occurrence of eclampsia. Methods The study used data from the 2006 Demographic and health survey of Mali. The proportion of eclampsia in women with each type of FGM and the unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (OR) were calculated, using women without FGM as reference group. Unadjusted and adjusted OR were also calculated for women who underwent infibulation compared to the rest of the population under study (women without FGM and women with FGM type I, II, and IV). Results In the 3997 women included, the prevalence of infibulation was 10.2% ( n = 407) while 331 women did not report FGM (8.3%). The proportion of women reporting signs and symptoms suggestive of eclampsia was 5.9% ( n = 234). Compared with the absence of female genital mutilation and adjusted for covariates, infibulation was associated with eclampsia (aOR 2.5; 95% CI:1.4-.6), while the association was not significant in women with other categories of FGM. A similar aOR was found when comparing women with infibulation with the pooled sample of women without FGM and women with the other forms of FGM. Conclusion The present study suggests a possible association between infibulation and eclampsia. Future studies could investigate this association in other settings. If these findings are confirmed, the possible biological mechanisms and preventive strategies should be investigated.BELLIZZI SaverioWed, 20 May 2020 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/is-female-genital-mutilation-associated-with-eclampsia-evidence-from-a-nationally-representative-survey-data/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/when-and-how-the-law-is-effective-in-reducing-the-practice-of-fgmc-a-cross-border-study-in-burkina-faso-and-mali/AbstractFemale genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is recognized globally for being associated with risks to both the physical and psychological health of girls and women; it is also considered to be a violation of human rights. At present, an estimated 200 million girls and women in 30 countries have undergone FGM/C and as many as 30 million under-15 girls are at risk. A common policy response to FGM/C is to enact laws and enforce criminal prohibitions. This policy brief summarizes key findings from a cross-border study of two neighboring countries: Burkina Faso, which has a strong FGM/C law, and Mali, which has no specific FGM/C law. The aim of the cross-border study was to explore and compare attitudes and tendencies toward obeying the law and continuing FGM/C practices and to understand the effectiveness of criminal law in combatting FGM/C in both countries.WOUANGO JosephineTue, 19 May 2020 20:43:21 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/when-and-how-the-law-is-effective-in-reducing-the-practice-of-fgmc-a-cross-border-study-in-burkina-faso-and-mali/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/trends-and-spatio-temporal-variation-of-female-genital-mutilation-among-reproductive-age-women-in-ethiopia-a-spatio-temporal-and-multivariate-decomposition-analysis-of-ethiopian-demographic-and-health-surveys/BackgroundFemale genital mutilation (FGM) is a serious health problem globally with various health, social and psychological consequences for women. In Ethiopia, the prevalence of female genital mutilation varied across different regions of the country. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the trend and determinants of female genital mutilation among reproductive-age women over time. MethodsA secondary data analysis was done using 2000, 2005, and 2016 Demographic Health Surveys (DHSs) of Ethiopia. A total weighted sample of 36,685 reproductive-age women was included for analysis from these three EDHS Surveys. Logit based multivariate decomposition analysis was employed for identifying factors contributing to the decrease in FGM over time. The Bernoulli model was fitted using spatial scan statistics version 9.6 to identify hotspot areas of FGM, and ArcGIS version 10.6 was applied to explore the spatial distribution FGM across the country. ResultsThe trends of FGM practice has been decreased from 79.9% in 2000 to 70.4% in 2016 with an annual reduction rate of 0.8%. The multivariate decomposition analysis revealed that about 95% of the overall decrease in FGM practice from 2000 to 2016 was due to the difference in the effects of women’s characteristics between the surveys. The difference in the effects of residence, religion, occupation, education, and media exposure were significant predictors that contributed to the decrease in FGM over time. The spatial distribution of FGM showed variation across the country. The SaTScan analysis identified significant hotspot areas of FGM in Somali, Harari, and Afar regions consistently over the three surveys. ConclusionFemale genital mutilation practice has shown a remarkable decrease over time in Ethiopia. Public health programs targeting rural, non-educated, unemployed, and those women with no access to media would be helpful to maintain the decreasing trend of FGM practice. The significant Spatio-temporal clustering of FGM was observed across regions in Ethiopia. Public health interventions must target the identified clusters as well.TESEMA Getayeneh AntehunegnTue, 19 May 2020 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/trends-and-spatio-temporal-variation-of-female-genital-mutilation-among-reproductive-age-women-in-ethiopia-a-spatio-temporal-and-multivariate-decomposition-analysis-of-ethiopian-demographic-and-health-surveys/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/hotspots-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-and-associated-factors-among-girls-in-ethiopia-a-spatial-and-multilevel-analysis/Background Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is a harmful traditional practice that violates the human rights of girls and women. It is widely practiced mainly in Africa including Ethiopia. There are a number of studies on the prevalence of FGM/C in Ethiopia. However, little has been devoted to its spatial epidemiology and associated factors. Hence, this study aimed to explore the spatial pattern and factors affecting FGM/C among girls in Ethiopia. Methods A further analysis of the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey data was conducted, and a total of 6985 girls nested in 603 enumeration areas were included in this analysis. Global Moran's I statistic was employed to test the spatial autocorrelation, and Getis-Ord Gi* as well as Kulldorff's spatial scan statistics were used to detect spatial clusters of FGM/C. Multilevel logistic regression models were fitted to identify individual and community level factors affecting FGM/C. Results Spatial clustering of FGM/C was observed (Moran's I=0.31, p -value <0.01), and eight significant clusters of FGM/C (hotspots) were detected. The most likely primary SaTScan cluster was detected in the neighborhood areas of Amhara, Afar, Tigray and Oromia regions (LLR = 279.0, p<0.01), the secondary cluster in Tigray region (LLR = 67.3, p<0.01), and the third cluster in Somali region (LLR = 55.5, P < 0.01). In the final best fit model, about 83% variation in the odds of FGM/C was attributed to both individual and community level factors. At individual level, older maternal age, higher number of living children, maternal circumcision, perceived beliefs as FGM/C are required by religion, and supporting the continuation of FGM/C practice were factors to increase the odds of FGM/C, whereas, secondary or higher maternal education, better household wealth, and regular media exposure were factors decreasing the odds of FGM/C. Place of residency, Region and Ethnicity were also among the community level factors associated with FGM/C. Conclusions In this study, spatial clustering of FGM/C among girls was observed in Ethiopia, and FGM/C hotspots were detected in Afar, Amhara, Tigray, Benishangul Gumuz, Oromia, SNNPR and Somali regions including Dire Dawa Town. Both individual and community level factors play a significant role in the practice of FGM/C. Hence, FGM/C hotspots require priority interventions, and it is also better if the targeted interventions consider both individual and community level factors.GEREMEW Tesfahun TaddegeThu, 14 May 2020 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/hotspots-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-and-associated-factors-among-girls-in-ethiopia-a-spatial-and-multilevel-analysis/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-decline-of-fgm-in-egypt-since-1987-a-cohort-analysis-of-the-egypt-demographic-and-health-surveys/Abstract Background: Female genital mutilation (FGM) has been a longstanding tradition in Egypt and until recently thepractice was quasi-universal. Nevertheless, there are indications that the practice has been losing support and thatfewer girls are getting cut. This study analyzes the prevalence of FGM in different birth cohorts, to test whether theprevalence declined over time. The study also examines whether such a decline is occurring in all segments ofsociety or whether it is limited mostly to certain more modernized segments of society. Methods: This study pooled data from the 2005, 2008 and 2014 waves of the Egypt Demographic and HealthSurveys (EDHS). The women participating in the EDHS provided data on 62,507 girls born to them between 1987and 2014, including whether they were cut and at what age. Kaplan-Meier and Weibull proportional hazard survivalanalyses were used to examine trends in the prevalence and hazards of FGM across birth cohorts. Controls forregion, religion and socioeconomic status of the parents were included in the Weibull regression. Results: The results show a steady decline in FGM across the birth cohorts studied. The base hazard for the 2010birth cohort is only 30% that of the 1987 one. Further analyses show that the decline in FGM occurred in allsegments of Egyptian society in a fairly similar manner although differences by region, religion and socioeconomicstatus persisted. Conclusions: This study confirms that FGM is declining in Egypt. The proportion of girls getting cut has declinedrapidly over the past few decades. This decline is not limited to the more modernized segments of society, but hasspread to the more traditional segments as well. The latter increases prospects for the eventual eradication of thepracticeVAN ROSSEM RonanMon, 11 May 2020 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-decline-of-fgm-in-egypt-since-1987-a-cohort-analysis-of-the-egypt-demographic-and-health-surveys/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/beyond-will-the-empowerment-conditions-needed-to-abandon-female-genital-mutilation-in-conakry-guinea-a-focused-ethnography/BackgroundFemale genital mutilation (FGM) can give rise to immediate and long-term health problems for girls/women. Numerous studies have identified the sociocultural determinants of this tradition, but so far, in a national context where FGM is highly practiced, virtually none have focused on people refusing to have their daughters cut. We therefore aimed to understand the sociocultural dynamics underlying the non-practice of FGM in Guinea, a country which has one of the most prevalent rates of this practice in the world. This research explored the demographic and sociocultural profiles of Guineans who do not practice FGM, as well as their non-practice experience in a context of high FGM prevalence and social pressure. MethodsWe used a “focused ethnography” methodology and conducted semi-structured individual interviews with 30 women and men from different generations (young adults, parents, grandparents) living in Conakry, Guinea. ResultsWe found that participants 1) do not disclose their non-practicing status in the same way, and 2) have different experiences with social pressure. A typology was created to describe participants as per their various profiles and experiences, which we named as: 1) the “activists”, 2) the “discrete”, 3) the “courageous”, 4) the “strategists”. DiscussionWanting to stop practicing FGM is not enough. The main empowering conditions allowing people to enact their decision not to have their daughters undergo FGM are: benefiting from social support (positive social capital), or being financially independent from the traditional solidarity network (sufficient economic capital). We therefore recommend finding ways to increase women’s/families’ empowerment to enact their decision not to practice FGM, mainly by: 1) providing them with new sources of social support, and 2) supporting them to gain more financial independence, including through schooling and improved access to better-paid employment. ConclusionsThis study was the first to explore the experience of people who do not practice FGM in a context of high FGM prevalence and social pressure. The results and recommendations of this research can inform strategies for FGM abandonment and therefore contribute to improving or developing intervention strategies that promote the health and well-being of girls and women.DOUCET Marie-HélèneWed, 06 May 2020 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/beyond-will-the-empowerment-conditions-needed-to-abandon-female-genital-mutilation-in-conakry-guinea-a-focused-ethnography/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/knowledge-and-perceptions-of-female-genital-mutilation-among-african-immigrant-women-in-windsor-canada/The objective of this is to investigate African immigrant women’s perceptions of female genital mutilation (FGM) within the Canadian Criminal Code. Ten African immigrant women resident in Windsor, Canada were selected using snowball sampling for interviews. These women were of four African nationalities, namely Nigeria, Ghana, Somalia and Sudan. Semi-structured interview protocol with open answer possibilities guided the interviews. Most of the participants (70%) had undergone FGM, 25% had not and 5% were unable to confirm their FGM status. Participants’ perceptions of sexuality remained inconclusive, and were linked to their ethnicity and religion. The participants noted that the association between FGM and infertility in western societies was questionable and Eurocentric. Despite the prevalence of FGM, African nations have high fertility, averaging six or more children. Participants reported the need to provide a prevention protocol that is not based on ethnocentric values but gives adult women the choice to be circumcised or not. Although recent literature in developed countries continue to highlight the negative outcomes of FGM, participants in this study are starting to question the criminalization of FGM based on protecting the rights of women and children because of the ‘restructuring and reconstruction of the vagina’ in developed countries.OMORODION Francisca IsiThu, 30 Apr 2020 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/knowledge-and-perceptions-of-female-genital-mutilation-among-african-immigrant-women-in-windsor-canada/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/policy-brief-enabling-environments-for-eliminating-female-genital-mutilation-unfpa-unicef-joint-programme-2020/Sat, 25 Apr 2020 13:38:10 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/policy-brief-enabling-environments-for-eliminating-female-genital-mutilation-unfpa-unicef-joint-programme-2020/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-model-law-march-2020/Fri, 24 Apr 2020 16:34:28 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-model-law-march-2020/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/demographic-perspectives-on-fgm-unfpa-french/Fri, 24 Apr 2020 14:22:12 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/demographic-perspectives-on-fgm-unfpa-french/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/demographic-perspectives-on-fgm-unfpa-english/Fri, 24 Apr 2020 14:20:55 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/demographic-perspectives-on-fgm-unfpa-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/national-fgm-centre-traditional-terms-for-female-genital-mutilation/Fri, 24 Apr 2020 13:02:26 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/national-fgm-centre-traditional-terms-for-female-genital-mutilation/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/2020-human-development-perspectives-tackling-social-norms-undp-2020/Tue, 21 Apr 2020 16:22:19 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/2020-human-development-perspectives-tackling-social-norms-undp-2020/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/vaw-re-evaluating-mainstream-islamic-understandings-islamic-relief-1/Tue, 21 Apr 2020 09:43:22 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/vaw-re-evaluating-mainstream-islamic-understandings-islamic-relief-1/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-potential-of-faith-in-ending-fgm-tearfund/Tue, 21 Apr 2020 09:41:22 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-potential-of-faith-in-ending-fgm-tearfund/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/africa-fgm-prevalence-map-french/Mon, 20 Apr 2020 07:17:44 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/africa-fgm-prevalence-map-french/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-benin-january-2020/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-benin-january-2020/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-djibouti-january-2020/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-djibouti-january-2020/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-ghana-january-2020/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-ghana-january-2020/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-guinea-bissau-january-2020/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-guinea-bissau-january-2020/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-liberia-20192020/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-liberia-20192020/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgm-in-liberia-20192020/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgm-in-liberia-20192020/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-fgm-in-mali-2014-2nd-edition-2020/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-fgm-in-mali-2014-2nd-edition-2020/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-mauritania-january-2020/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-mauritania-january-2020/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-nigeria-january-2020/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-nigeria-january-2020/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-senegal-january-2020/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-senegal-january-2020/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-sierra-leone-january-2020/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-sierra-leone-january-2020/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-somalia-january-2020/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-somalia-january-2020/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-tanzania-country-profile-2013-v3-2020/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-tanzania-country-profile-2013-v3-2020/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-tanzania-january-2020/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-tanzania-january-2020/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-uganda-january-2020/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-uganda-january-2020/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-togo-january-2020/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-togo-january-2020/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/religious-fatwa-for-banning-all-forms-of-fgmc-in-puntland-somalia/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/religious-fatwa-for-banning-all-forms-of-fgmc-in-puntland-somalia/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-niger-short-report-2020-english/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-niger-short-report-2020-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-guinea-bissau-short-report-2020-english/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-guinea-bissau-short-report-2020-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-cote-divoire-short-report-2020-english/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-cote-divoire-short-report-2020-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-niger-short-report-2020-french/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-niger-short-report-2020-french/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-cote-divoire-short-report-2020-french/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-cote-divoire-short-report-2020-french/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-senegal-is-the-practice-declining-descriptive-analysis-of-dhs-surveys-20052017-ukaid-and-population-council-2020/Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) remains a prominent issue for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, and in Senegal, nearly a quarter of women aged 15 to 49 have undergone the practice. This study used data from the 2005, 2010-11, 2015, and 2017 Senegal Demographic and Health Surveys to analyze changes in FGM/C prevalence, both nationally and sub-nationally, and generate evidence on where, when, and how FGM/C has been practiced in Senegal over the past 13 years. The study found that FGM/C prevalence for both women and girls declined nationally between 2005 and 2010-11, but stagnated from 2010-11 until 2017. Significant variations in FGM/C prevalence were observed by geography and socio-demographic characteristics, with some regions experiencing a decline in prevalence, while others showed an increase in rates. The study also found that the proportion of women and girls who were cut was substantially higher in rural areas, and changes in FGM/C prevalence by ethnicity showed that the proportion of cut women reduced among certain groups, such as the Poular and Soninke, with minimal changes in prevalence among Mandingue and Diola women. The study also highlighted a clear association between high FGM/C rates and low levels of education, adherence to Islam, and lower socio-economic status. The study also examined the impact of social norms and beliefs on FGM/C prevalence, finding that higher FGM/C prevalence is consistently associated with a woman's belief that FGM/C should continue and that it is required by religion. In addition, higher FGM/C rates were associated with a woman's justification of gender-based violence (GBV), her limited decision-making power, and work in the informal sector. The study revealed that the proportion of women in Senegal who want FGM/C to continue only reduced minimally, and that persons providing FGM/C services are mostly traditional circumcisers. Most women and girls in Senegal who were cut experienced the procedure before their first birthday, but daughters are now cut at a much younger age than their mothers were. The findings suggest that FGM/C interventions implemented in the early years may have been more effective for national change than those implemented in later years, and demonstrate the need for targeted interventions that are sensitive to the background characteristics of the target population. The study concludes that a broader understanding of trends and patterns of FGM/C practices is necessary to inform more effective interventions and policies to address the issue. The authors recommend a multisectoral approach that takes into account the social and cultural context of the practice, involves the community, and addresses the root causes of FGM/C, including gender inequality and the belief that the practice is required by religion. The study emphasizes the importance of continued efforts to address FGM/C in Senegal and the world.MATANDA Dennis J.Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-senegal-is-the-practice-declining-descriptive-analysis-of-dhs-surveys-20052017-ukaid-and-population-council-2020/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-togo-short-report-2020-french/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-togo-short-report-2020-french/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-south-sudan-short-report-2020-english/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-south-sudan-short-report-2020-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-guinea-bissau-short-report-2020-portuguese/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-guinea-bissau-short-report-2020-portuguese/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-tanzania-country-profile-update-2020-english/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-tanzania-country-profile-update-2020-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-yemen-short-report-2020-english/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-yemen-short-report-2020-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-iraqi-kurdistan-short-report-2020-english/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-iraqi-kurdistan-short-report-2020-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-country-profile-fgm-in-iraq-january-2020/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-country-profile-fgm-in-iraq-january-2020/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-iraqi-kurdistan-short-report-2020-sorani/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-iraqi-kurdistan-short-report-2020-sorani/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-iraqi-kurdistan-short-report-2020-arabic/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-iraqi-kurdistan-short-report-2020-arabic/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-yemen-short-report-2020-arabic/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-yemen-short-report-2020-arabic/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-tanzania-2020/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-tanzania-2020/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-usa-fact-sheet-aha-foundation/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-usa-fact-sheet-aha-foundation/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-prevention-a-resource-for-us-schools-global-woman-peace-foundation/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-prevention-a-resource-for-us-schools-global-woman-peace-foundation/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/asia-network-to-end-fgmc-consultation-report-arrow-orchid-project-2020/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/asia-network-to-end-fgmc-consultation-report-arrow-orchid-project-2020/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/reporting-on-fgcm-in-the-dawoodi-bohra-community-sahiyo/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/reporting-on-fgcm-in-the-dawoodi-bohra-community-sahiyo/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa-unicef-2020/Sun, 19 Apr 2020 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa-unicef-2020/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/prevalence-of-female-genital-mutilation-in-ethiopia-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis/ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is a major harmful traditional practice that affects the health and well-being of women and girls. FGM is widespread across Ethiopia with a varying degree. Even though, there are various studies conducted on prevalence of FGM in Ethiopia, it has inconsistent findings. Therefore, this review was conducted to estimate the pooled prevalence of FGM among women and children and its regional variations in Ethiopia. METHOD: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline was followed to review published and unpublished studies conducted in Ethiopia. The databases used were; PubMed, Google, Scholar, CINAHL an AJOL. Data were extracted using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool for prevalence studies. The meta-analysis was conducted using STATA version 14 software. The heterogeneity and publication bias was assessed using the I^2 statistics and Egger's test respectively. Descriptive information of studies was presented in narrative form and quantitative results were presented in forest plots. Random effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of FGM with the corresponding 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: A total of 25 studies were included in the analysis. Twenty articles included 44,283 participants and 14 articles with 38,230 participants to estimate the pooled prevalence of FGM among women and children less than 15 year respectively. The pooled prevalence of FGM among women and children aged less than 15 years in Ethiopia was 84.6% (95% CI: 80.51%, 88.7 %%) and 49.79% (95% CI: 41.91%, 57.68%) respectively. The highest prevalence of FGM among women was observed in Somali region (91.09 % (95 % CI: 85.75, 96.44)), and the lowest reported in Harari region (79.50% (95 % CI: 76.77, 82.23)). The highest prevalence of FGM among children less than 15 years was observed in South Nation Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR) (82.20% (95 % CI: 79.52, 84.88)) and the lowest reported in Harari region (19% (95 % CI: 16.35, 21.65)). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of FGM is high in Ethiopia with a wide variation was observed across regions. Attentions should be emphasized to end or reduce the practice, mainly at the high FGM clustered regions of Ethiopia.MUCHE Achenef AsmamawWed, 01 Apr 2020 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/prevalence-of-female-genital-mutilation-in-ethiopia-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/exploring-the-capacity-of-the-somaliland-healthcare-system-to-manage-female-genital-mutilation-cutting-related-complications-and-prevent-the-medicalization-of-the-practice-a-cross-sectional-study/Background Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) negatively impacts the wellbeing of girls and women throughout their lifecycle. In Somalia, FGM/C prevalence is nearly universal (98%) among females aged 15–49 years, with infibulation prevalence at 77%. Whilst there is need to engage healthcare workers in the prevention and management of FGM/C, minimal information exists indicating healthcare systems’ capacity to fulfil this role. This study explored factors impacting the capacity of the Somaliland healthcare system to prevent the medicalization, and manage the complications of, FGM/C. Methods A cross-sectional qualitative study using semi-structured key informant interviews, conducted in the Somali language, was undertaken in the Maroodi Jeex and Awdal regions of Somaliland, in rural and urban Borama and Hargeisa districts in December 2016. A total of 20 interviews were conducted with healthcare workers comprised of medical doctors, nurses, midwives and system administrators. Transcribed and translated interview data were analysed using the template analysis approach. Results Healthcare workers reported understanding the adverse impact of FGM/C on the health of girls and women. However, they faced multiple contextual challenges in their preventative and management roles at the individual level , e.g., they lacked specific formal training on the prevention and management of FGM/C complications and its medicalization; institutional level , e.g., many facilities lacked funding and equipment for effective FGM/C management; and policy level , e.g., no national policies exist on the management of FGM/C complications and against its medicalization. Conclusion Healthcare systems in urban and rural Somaliland have limited capacity to prevent, diagnose and manage FGM/C. There is a need to strengthen healthcare workers’ skill deficits through training and address gaps in the health system by incorporating the care of girls and women with FGM-related complications into primary healthcare services through multi-sectoral collaboration and coordination, establishing clinical guidelines for FGM/C management, providing related equipment, and enacting policies to prevent the medicalization of the practice.YUSSUF MohamedThu, 12 Mar 2020 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/exploring-the-capacity-of-the-somaliland-healthcare-system-to-manage-female-genital-mutilation-cutting-related-complications-and-prevent-the-medicalization-of-the-practice-a-cross-sectional-study/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilationcutting-in-mali-and-mauritania-understanding-trends-and-evaluating-policies/Despite international commitments to end female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), very little is known about the effectiveness of national policies in contributing to the abandonment of this harmful practice. To help address this gap in knowledge, we apply a quasi-experimental research design to study two west African countries, Mali and Mauritania. These countries have marked similarities with respect to practices of FGM/C, but differing legal contexts. A law banning FGM/C was introduced in Mauritania in 2005; in Mali, there is no legal ban on FGM/C. We use nationally representative survey data to reconstruct trends in FGM/C prevalence in both countries, from 1997 to 2011, and then use a difference-in-difference method to evaluate the impact of the 2005 law in Mauritania. FGM/C prevalence in Mauritania began to decline slowly for girls born in the early 2000s, with the decline accelerating for girls born after 2005. However, a similar trend is observable in Mali, where no equivalent law has been passed. Additional statistical analysis confirms that the 2005 law did not have a significant impact on reducing FGM/C prevalence in Mauritania. These findings suggest that legal change alone is insufficient for behavioral change with regard to FGM/C. This study demonstrates how it is possible to evaluate national policies using readily available survey data in resource-poor settings.CETORELLI ValeriaSun, 01 Mar 2020 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilationcutting-in-mali-and-mauritania-understanding-trends-and-evaluating-policies/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/assessing-the-role-of-law-in-reducing-the-practise-of-fgmc-in-kenya/AbstractCriminalization is an important aspect of anti-FGM/C policies and programs. In countries where FGM/C is practiced, the enactment of a law prohibiting the practice is an important indicator of progress toward abandonment. Criminalization is often seen as playing an important role in the declining prevalence of FGM/C. However, there is not much research on the link between the enactment of laws that prohibit and criminalize FGM/C and declining prevalence of the practice. The objectives of this study, therefore, were to assess the extent to which people obey the law on FGM/C; to investigate the reasons and causes that motivate people born into a tradition of FGM/C to obey or not to obey a law prohibiting FGM/C; and to establish the legal, policy, and program responses, across varying contexts, that would most effectively reduce the practice of FGM/C. The study was conducted in Kenya, where FGM/C is criminalized under the 2001 Children’s Act and the 2011 Prohibition of FGM Act.MEROKA-MUTUA Agnes K.Fri, 28 Feb 2020 21:43:21 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/assessing-the-role-of-law-in-reducing-the-practise-of-fgmc-in-kenya/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/a-diagnostic-assessment-of-the-health-systems-response-to-fgmc-management-and-prevention-in-nigeriabrief/BACKGROUNDFemale genital mutilation (FGM/C), has no health benefits, it violates human rights and has adverse health (physical, psychological, sexual, maternal and child health), and social consequences. Globally, over 200 million women have been cut and are living with FGM/C-related consequences. In Africa, it is estimated that 27 million, 24 million and 20 million girls/women have undergone FGM/C in Egypt, Ethiopia and Nigeria respectively, making them the countries with the highest prevalence of FGM/C on the continent. In Nigeria, although the practice is considered widespread, national surveys suggest a gradual decline of FGM/C prevalence among women aged 15 – 49 years 30% in 2008 to 20% in 2018. While these statistics suggest progress, the prevalence is, however, is still as high as 67% in some states. Despite the existence of laws, policies and a plan of action that should drive the health system’s response to prevention and management of FGM/C, the practice persists. Nigeria’s National Strategic Health Development Plan Framework (2009- 2015) highlighted the need to strengthen the health system to cater for an increasing population served by scarce skilled health professionals. The extent of preparedness of health facilities (primary, secondary and tertiary) to prevent and manage complications of FGM/C is poorly understood.DIRISU OsasuyiTue, 25 Feb 2020 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/a-diagnostic-assessment-of-the-health-systems-response-to-fgmc-management-and-prevention-in-nigeriabrief/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/prevalence-of-female-genital-mutilation-among-reproductive-age-women-in-ethiopia-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis/Background: Female genital mutilation (FGM) is the most common harmful traditional practice. Which is characterized by partial or total removal of the female external genitalia for non-therapeutic reasons. Globally, FGM affects about 130 million women and girls. Female Genital cutting (FGC) is a harmful traditional practice which affects the physical and mental health of girls and women. Methods: Review and meta-analysis was conducted using the guideline of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Both published and unpublished articles were searched. Articles were searched from different databases like PubMed, Popline, AJOL, EMBASE and gray literature like Google scholar and Google. Articles were searched using terms like “ prevalence ”, “ magnitude”, “female genital cutting” “female genital mutilation”, and “female circumcision” . Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal-Checklist for Analytical Cross Sectional Studies were used to assess the quality of the included paper. Egger’s test and I 2 statistics were used to assess Publication bias and heterogeneity respectively. Result and discussion: About thirteen studies with total participants of 7850 were included for systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of female genital mutilation among reproductive age women in Ethiopia was 87.5%: 95% CI (84.25, 90.78). ). I square test statistics showed high heterogeneity (I 2 =94.4, p=0.000) and Egger’s test was done to check for publication bias, but the test has revealed that there is no statistical significant publication bias (p-value=0.374). Conclusion: The pooled prevalence of female genital mutilation is high in Ethiopia. Subgroup analysis does not revealed significant difference among different region found in the country.ATLAW DanielMon, 10 Feb 2020 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/prevalence-of-female-genital-mutilation-among-reproductive-age-women-in-ethiopia-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/modelling-and-mapping-of-regional-disparities-associated-with-female-genital-mutilationcutting-prevalence-among-girls-aged-014-years-in-senegal-evidence-from-senegal-sdhs-surveys-20052017/BackgroundBetween 2005 and 2017, Senegal experienced a slight national decline in the prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) among women aged 15–49 years and girls younger than 15 years. However, significant differences in prevalence exist as a result of multifarious risk factors. Along with its nongovernmental partners, the government has committed substantial resources designed to tackle the practice and achieve Target 5.3 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Our previous research in Senegal described the national trends in FGM/C, showing where, when, and why FGM/C is practised in Senegal. However, no recent study exists to analyse the geographical patterns of FGM/C and the effect of individual- and community-level risk factors on the likelihood of cutting among girls younger than 15 years. The present report sought to provide a more consistent evidence base on the patterns of FGM/C and the impact of multilevel factors on geographical variations in the risk of girls’ cutting. Specifically, this study examined the spatial distribution of FGM/C risks among girls who are younger than 15 years and identified individual- and community-level characteristics associated with the probability for such girls facing cutting in Senegal. This evidence base is necessary for well-informed targeting of prevention strategies.KANDALA Ngianga-BakwinTue, 28 Jan 2020 14:41:21 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/modelling-and-mapping-of-regional-disparities-associated-with-female-genital-mutilationcutting-prevalence-among-girls-aged-014-years-in-senegal-evidence-from-senegal-sdhs-surveys-20052017/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/modelling-and-mapping-of-state-disparities-associated-with-female-genital-mutilationcutting-prevalence-among-girls-aged-014-years-in-nigeria-evidence-from-dhs-and-mics-20032017/AbstractThe practice of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) has been positioned as a gender and global development issue that national and international organizations must address for girls and women to thrive in good health and enjoy their fundamental rights. Consequently, many efforts have been made to promote the abandonment of the practice. Despite evidence of a decline in FGM/C, there are significant variations in its prevalence in many sub-Saharan African countries, where the practice persists due to the combined effects of factors among individuals as well as communities. This working paper presents findings from a study that analyzed existing data using Bayesian hierarchical regression tools to examine variations in FGM/C among girls ages 14 and younger in Nigeria according to individual and community factors.KANDALA Ngianga-BakwinFri, 24 Jan 2020 14:41:21 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/modelling-and-mapping-of-state-disparities-associated-with-female-genital-mutilationcutting-prevalence-among-girls-aged-014-years-in-nigeria-evidence-from-dhs-and-mics-20032017/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/talking-about-female-khatna-in-the-bohra-community-a-study-report/EXECUTIVE SUMMARYIn 2011, an anonymous petition calling for the ban on khatna, the practice of female genital cutting/mutilation in the Bohra community, surfaced online. While the petition initially garnered 3,400 signatures, in the past decade it has burgeoned into a full-blown public battle. From personal conversations and Whatsapp exchanges, religious sermons, and parliamentary debates, to legal trials and prime-time headlines, the practice of female khatna, khafz or sunnat has become a big topic of discussion in India, and globally. In the process, two clear camps have emerged: the antikhatna advocates and the pro-khatna supporters. Situated in the thick of these extremely polarised exchanges, this multidisciplinary feminist ethnography strives to document the experiences, feelings and struggles of the Bohra community as they understand, challenge and/or defend the 1,400-year-old ritual in their personal and public realms. It seeks to contribute to the small but growing pool of academic research that has so far been documented on the practice of FGC in South Asia.SUBRAMANIAN, Reetika RevathyWed, 01 Jan 2020 22:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/talking-about-female-khatna-in-the-bohra-community-a-study-report/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/lessons-from-a-five-year-research-programme-on-fgmc-and-their-relevance-for-policy-and-programmes-in-kenya/AbstractThe Sustainable Development Goals target the elimination of all forms of harmful practices, including female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) by 2030. Kenya has made progress in addressing the elimination of FGM/C through ratification of global instruments and enactment of the Prohibition of FGM Act in 2011 and other supportive laws. The Act created the foundation for the establishment of the Anti-FGM Board, which provides policy leadership and coordination of anti-FGM/C programs in Kenya. More recently, the President of Kenya issued a decree for accelerated elimination of FGM/C by 2022. This synthesis report highlights how evidence generated over the last five years by the Evidence to End FGM/C Research Program can be used to inform policies and programs to accelerate the total abandonment of FGM/C in Kenya. The report focuses on opportunities in governance, effective utilization of the anti-FGM/C law, changes in practice and social norms associated with FGM/C, health system response to FGM/C, and the importance of data in accelerating FGM/C abandonment.KIMANI SamuelWed, 01 Jan 2020 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/lessons-from-a-five-year-research-programme-on-fgmc-and-their-relevance-for-policy-and-programmes-in-kenya/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilation-prevalence-awareness-and-attitude-among-igbo-women-of-child-bearing-age-in-nigeria/Background: To our knowledge, no studies have comprehensively evaluated the awareness, perceptions and attitudes of Igbo women of child-bearing age towards female genital mutilation (FGM) in south-eastern Nigeria. Objective: To determine the prevalence, awareness and attitude towards the practice of FGM among Igbo women of child-bearing age in Nigeria. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional study among Igbo women of child-bearing age. Females from 16 to 45 years were included. Interviewer administered semi-structured pretested validated questionnaires were employed. The results were collected and analyzed with the SPSS version 23. Univariate analysis was performed in order to determine independent risk factors that could possibly affect prevalent rates in the population. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. Results: The study showed that out of 367 respondents interviewed, 49 had FGM, given a prevalence of 13.4%. However, majority (98.7%) were aware of FGM, and their major sources being from family (65.0%), friends (65.0%), and media (48.5%). However, 53.7% of the respondents noted that FGM is still being practiced. Up to 88.6% of the respondents were aware of the complications of FGM and the commonest complications expressed were severe pain during FGM (82.2%), and excessive bleeding (75.7%). Majority (91.3%) stated that it is a bad practice (91.3%) and a form of violence against women (85.8%) and 87.2% want the practice to be discontinued. Most of them (80.4%) stated that FGM has no benefit owing to the fact that it is associated with complications such as difficulty in labor (68.1%) and painful sexual intercourse (47.2%), while 13.6% were indifferent whether FGM should be criminalized. The prevalence of FGM was significantly higher in the older age group (RR=0.09; 95%CI=0.042-0.194; p<0.001) and parous women (RR=1.89; 95%CI=1.084-3.309; p=0.025) compared to the younger age group and nulliparous women respectively. Conclusion: Despite the high awareness and negative attitude of the populace to the practice of FGM and its consequences, it has still continued to persist in Nigerian communities. The prevalence of FGM was 13.4% and the commonest reasons for its continued persistence included traditional norms, preventing promiscuity and pre-marital sex. More effective measures in addition to the ongoing mass education should be put in place to stop these practices.ANYANWU Chidimma EzenwaWed, 01 Jan 2020 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilation-prevalence-awareness-and-attitude-among-igbo-women-of-child-bearing-age-in-nigeria/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/towards-understanding-female-genital-cutting-in-sri-lanka/EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe Family Planning Association of Sri Lanka (FPA) commissioned a brief study in 2018 to understand the physical and psychosocial impacts of Female Genital Cutting (FGC)1 as reported by women in Sri Lanka. This exploratory work was done in a context where there is little formally published information on this issue in Sri Lanka in terms of what happens, what the motivations are and what women want in terms of support or services. This report aims to contribute to a deeper and more nuanced understanding of the issue, to inform ways of addressing any harmful impacts of the practice, whilst ensuring that community perceptions and views are respected in the process. Any consideration of the practice needs to also be placed within a context of some important external factors that have a bearing on the way the issue is framed and may be addressed. These include the context of heightened religious tensions in Sri Lanka, particularly following the devastating terrorist attacks of April 21 st, 2019. In the aftermath of this, there was a sharp increase of incidents reported from across Sri Lanka of harassment, discrimination, mob violence and threats to people who identify or perceived to identify as Muslim and a heightened sense of fear experienced particularly by Muslim women due to legal restrictions and extralegal actions on types of clothing that included face and head covers – common clothing among Muslim women. This context possibly shaped the conversations that this report is based on and will need to inform the ways the practice of FGC is framed and addressed and in consideration of potential points of entry and intervention. The issue of FGC is certainly one that has a bearing on the rights of children, since the procedure is performed on infants and young girls. Equally, a rights-based approach that considers women’s bodily integrity and their rights to sexual health is considered paramount in the ways impacts on girls and women are understood, explained and addressed. As this report shows, the spaces available to women to articulate and explore this issue is limited, even in the medical sphere, although that provides one trusted entry point for women. When the issue is not viewed through the framework of women’s sexual health and rights and rights to her bodily integrity, it also has a bearing on the type of support and services that are both asked for by women and recommended by other stakeholders.IBRAHIM ZainabSun, 01 Dec 2019 22:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/towards-understanding-female-genital-cutting-in-sri-lanka/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/high-risk-human-papilloma-virus-hpv-common-among-a-cohort-of-women-with-female-genital-mutilation/Background Nigeria accounts for 25% of cases of Female genital mutilation (FGM) worldwide, with increased incidence of cervical cancer. Objective This study was aimed at evaluating the relationship between FGM and HPV in a locality with high prevalence of FGM. Methods Papanicolaou test, DNA hybridization using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and flow-through hybridization was done to determine the genotypic variants of the HPV. Physical examination and questionnaires were also used to ascertain presence of FGM. Results FGM was found among 98(49%) subjects, while 23(11.5%) had one or more genotype of HPV. Majority of the cases of HPV (78.3%) occurred in FGM subjects. Seventeen Genotypes of HPV were found among subjects with FGM consisting of 11 high risk (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 52, 56, 73, 81, 82) and 6 low risk (43, 44, 6, 26, 84, 70). A correlation (p value = 0.0052 at 95% CI) was found between FGM and HPV prevalence with a positive result for post hoc analysis. Results show the first reported case of quintuple HPV infection in a single subject in Nigeria. Conclusion FGM needs to be halted as it has no known health benefit yet may increase the risk for cervical cancer.OGAH JeremiahSun, 01 Dec 2019 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/high-risk-human-papilloma-virus-hpv-common-among-a-cohort-of-women-with-female-genital-mutilation/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/shifts-in-fgmc-practice-in-sudan-communities-perspectives-and-drivers/Background Although Sudan has one of the highest prevalence of female genital mutilation or cutting (FGM/C), there have been shifts in e practice. These shifts include a reduction in the prevalence among younger age cohorts, changes in the types of FGM/C, an increase in medicalization, and changes in age of the practice. The drivers of these shifts are not well understood. Method Qualitative data drawn from a larger study in Khartoum and Gedaref States, Family and Midwife individual interviews and focus group discussions. Analysis and categorization within a Social Norms theoretical framework. Results Major findings confirmed shifts in the type FGM/C (presumably from infibulation to non-infibulating types) and increasing medicalization in the studied communities. These shifts were reported to be driven by social, professional and religious norms. Conclusion Changes in FGM practice in Sudan include drivers which will not facilitate abandonment of the practice instead lead to normalization of FGM/C. Yet professionalisation of Midwives including their oath to stop FGM/C has potential to facilitate abandonment rapidly if developed with other Sudan health professionals.BEDRI NafisaSun, 01 Dec 2019 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/shifts-in-fgmc-practice-in-sudan-communities-perspectives-and-drivers/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/circumcisions-and-related-practices-about-child-birth-in-sagamu-ogun-state-nigeria/From time immemorial, studies have shown the importance of cultural practices in ensuring human sustenance in every society. Circumcisions and related practices concerning child birth are some of the vital ones in African settings such as Sagamu in Ogun State, South West Nigeria. Surprisingly, it is equally noticeable that there are FGM practicing and non-FGC practicing communities within the same ethnic group of Yoruba, South West Nigeria. In this regard, the Egba and the Ijebu (both in Ogun State) are Oduduwa descendents who may be similar in many areas of life but quite different in their perception of circumcision of newborn babies particularly the girl-child. Each of the communities values its perception with utmost sense of pride and dignity irrespective of their common ancestral origin. The difference from the same ethnic group on this subject matter could be regarded as a research concern since it has been relatively neglected in academic literature over the years. The study employed various PLA tools, such as FGDs, KIIs, Sexuality Life Line [SLL] and Flow Chart to collect data from respondents and analyzed the data through Pair Wise Ranking and Matrix Scoring/Ranking. The study concludes that the practice of circumcision is prevalent in the community under study because of social, cultural factors backing it and makes it very intricate to eradicate since it has a strong connotation with marriage.ADETOLA Obatunde BrightSun, 01 Dec 2019 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/circumcisions-and-related-practices-about-child-birth-in-sagamu-ogun-state-nigeria/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/debating-medicalization-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-fgmc-learning-from-policy-experiences-across-countries/AbstractBackground: Although Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) is internationally considered a harmful practice,it is increasingly being medicalized allegedly to reduce its negative health effects, and is thus suggested as a harmreduction strategy in response to these perceived health risks. In many countries where FGM/C is traditionallypracticed, the prevalence rates of medicalization are increasing, and in countries of migration, such as the UnitedKingdom, the United States of America or Sweden, court cases or the repeated issuing of statements in favor ofpresumed minimal forms of FGM/C to replace more invasive forms, has raised the debate between the medicalharm reduction arguments and the human rights approach. Main body: The purpose of this paper is to discuss the arguments associated with the medicalization of FGM/C, atrend that could undermine the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 5.3. The paper uses four countrycase studies, Egypt, Indonesia, Kenya and UK, to discuss the reasons for engaging in medicalized forms of FGM/C,or not, and explores the ongoing public discourse in those countries concerning harm reduction versus humanrights, and the contradiction between medical ethics, national criminal justice systems and international conventions. The discussion is structured around four key hotly contested ethical dilemmas. Firstly, that the WHO definition of medicalized FGM/C is too narrow allowing medicalized FGM to be justified by many healthcare professionals as a form of harm reduction which contradicts the medical oath of do no harm. Secondly, that medicalized FGM/C is a human rights abuse with lifelong consequences, no matter who performs it. Thirdly, that health care professionals who perform medicalized FGM/C are sustaining cultural norms that they themselves support and are also gaining financially. Fourthly, the contradiction between protecting traditional cultural rights in legal constitutions versus human rights legislation, which criminalizes FGM/C. Conclusion: More research needs to be done in order to understand the complexities that are facilitating themedicalization of FGM/C as well as how policy strategies can be strengthened to have a greater de-medicalizationimpact. Tackling medicalization of FGM/C will accelerate the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goal ofending FGM by 2030. Conclusion: More research needs to be done in order to understand the complexities that are facilitating themedicalization of FGM/C as well as how policy strategies can be strengthened to have a greater de-medicalizationimpact. Tackling medicalization of FGM/C will accelerate the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goal ofending FGM by 2030.LEYE ElsFri, 01 Nov 2019 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/debating-medicalization-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-fgmc-learning-from-policy-experiences-across-countries/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/a-spatial-analysis-of-the-prevalence-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-among-014-year-old-girls-in-kenya/Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), also known as female circumcision, is a global public health and human rights problem affecting women and girls. Several concerted efforts to eliminate the practice are underway in several sub-Saharan African countries where the practice is most prevalent. Studies have reported variations in the practice with some countries experiencing relatively slow decline in prevalence. This study investigates the roles of normative influences and related risk factors (e.g., geographic location) on the persistence of FGM/C among 0–14 years old girls in Kenya. The key objective is to identify and map hotspots (high risk regions). We fitted spatial and spatio-temporal models in a Bayesian hierarchical regression framework on two datasets extracted from successive Kenya Demographic and Health Surveys (KDHS) from 1998 to 2014. The models were implemented in R statistical software using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques for parameters estimation, while model fit and assessment employed deviance information criterion (DIC) and effective sample size (ESS). Results showed that daughters of cut women were highly likely to be cut. Also, the likelihood of a girl being cut increased with the proportion of women in the community (1) who were cut (2) who supported FGM/C continuation, and (3) who believed FGM/C was a religious obligation. Other key risk factors included living in the northeastern region; belonging to the Kisii or Somali ethnic groups and being of Muslim background. These findings offered a clearer picture of the dynamics of FGM/C in Kenya and will aid targeted interventions through bespoke policymaking and implementations.KANDALA Ngianga-BakwinMon, 28 Oct 2019 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/a-spatial-analysis-of-the-prevalence-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-among-014-year-old-girls-in-kenya/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/trends-and-spatial-variation-of-female-genital-mutilation-among-reproductive-age-women-in-ethiopia-based-on-2000-2005-and-2016-ethiopian-demographic-and-health-surveys-spatial-temporal-and-multivariate-decomposition-analysis/Introduction: Even if FGM has been declined dramatically in the world, the rate of decline is far below the rate needed to achieve SDG in Ethiopia. FGM remains as a serious public health concern in Ethiopia and the prevalence has varied across and within countries. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the trends and geographic variation of FGM practice in Ethiopia based on EDHSs.Methods: The study used the data from the three DHSs conducted in Ethiopia. Trend and Logistic based decomposition analysis technique was used for analyzing the change in FGM practice overtime and factors contributing to the change in FGM practice. STATA 14 was used for data management and analysis. The Bernoulli model was fitted using spatial scan statistics version 9.6 to identify hotspot areas and ArcGIS version 10.6 to explore the spatial distribution FGM.Results : The prevalence of FGM practice was decreased from 79.9% in 2000 to 70.4% in 2016. The decomposition analysis indicated that about 95% of the overall decrease in FGM practice was due to the difference in the change in the behavior of FGM practice among urban residents, orthodox and Muslim followers, self-employed, education, and media exposure were significant factors contributed to the change in FGM over the study period. The SaTScan analysis identified 141 most likely clusters (LLR=711.9, p<0.001) in 2000, 175 (LLR=576.4, p<0.001) in 2005, and 220 (LLR= 243.6, p<0.001) in 2016 which was located in Somali, Somali, Harari, and border areas of Somali consistently over the three surveys.Conclusions: These results showed that FGM practice has been declined in Ethiopia. The decrease in FGM practice could be attributable to the difference in the change in effects of residence, media exposure; religion, region, and educational status. The spatial analysis provides further insight into differences in FGM practice within the country and highlights primary and secondary clusters. This could enable efficient and timely spatial targeting of hotspot areas of FGM practice to achieve the goals of eliminating FGM practice in Ethiopia by 2025 and the government should scale up the public health programs to improve the rate of reduction.TESEMA Getayeneh AntehunegnSat, 26 Oct 2019 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/trends-and-spatial-variation-of-female-genital-mutilation-among-reproductive-age-women-in-ethiopia-based-on-2000-2005-and-2016-ethiopian-demographic-and-health-surveys-spatial-temporal-and-multivariate-decomposition-analysis/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilation-in-benin-prevalence-and-associated-factors-based-on-data-from-the-demographic-and-health-survey-2011-2012/Female genital mutilation has multiple adverse impacts on victims’ physical and psychosocial well-being. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and potential factors associated with female genital mutilation in Benin. A logistic regression was performed on the 2011 Benin Demographic and Health Survey dataset, using Stata 12. The dependent variable was based on participants’ declaration about the “Cut respondent’ question and was dichotomous (Yes/No). Independent variables were sociodemographic characteristics. A total of 11,008 women were selected, with 7.14% (CI 95% = [5.91, 8.60]) reported to be victims of female genital mutilation. The majority of the women were between 25 and 34 years old (34.5%), uneducated (54.6%), and married (51.3%). Women aged 35 to 49 were more likely to be victims of FGM than women aged 15 to 18 (OR = 5.43; CI 95% [3.77-7.82]). The risk of FGM was higher in married women (OR = 7.76) than those who had never been in a union, with the same trend observed for Muslim women (OR = 33.39) compared to followers of voodoo/traditional religion. Female genital mutilation is still practiced in Benin, especially in the north. This study reveals that factors such as marital status, religion, area of residence, level of education, ethnicity, and département of residence are associated with this practice. Therefore, they should be taken into account for effective interventions to eliminate it at national level. KPOZEHOUEN AlphonseWed, 23 Oct 2019 14:26:20 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilation-in-benin-prevalence-and-associated-factors-based-on-data-from-the-demographic-and-health-survey-2011-2012/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/prevalence-and-adverse-obstetric-outcomes-of-female-genital-mutilation-among-women-in-rural-northern-ghana/BACKGROUNDFemale genital mutilation (FGM) is commonly practiced in sub-Saharan Africa and results in adverse pregnancy outcomes among affected women. This paper assessed the prevalence and effects of FGM on pregnancy outcomes in a rural Ghanaian setting. METHODSWe analyzed 9306 delivery records between 2003 and 2013 from the Navrongo War Memorial Hospital. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to determine the effects of FGM on pregnancy outcomes such as stillbirth, birth weight, postpartum haemorrhage, caesarean and instrumental delivery. We also assessed differences in the duration of stay in the hospital by FGM status. RESULTSA greater proportion of mothers with FGM (24.7%) were older than 35 years compared with those without FGM (7.6%). FGM declined progressively from 28.4% in 2003 to 0.6% in 2013. Mothers with FGM were nearly twice as likely to have caesarean delivery (adjusted odds ratios = 1.85 with 95%CI [1.72, 1.99]) and stillbirths (1.60 [1.21, 2.11]) compared with those without. Similarly, they had a 4-fold increased risk of post-partum haemorrhage (4.69 [3.74, 5.88]) and more than 2-fold risk lacerations/episiotomy (2.57 [1.86, 3.21]) during delivery. Average duration of stay in the hospital was higher for mothers with FGM from 2003 to 2007. CONCLUSIONSDespite significant decline in prevalence of FGM, adverse obstetric outcomes are still high among affected women. Increased public health education of circumcised women on these outcomes would help improve institutional deliveries and heighten awareness and prompt clinical decisions among healthcare workers. Further scale-up of community level interventions are required to completely eliminate FGM.NONTERAH Engelbert A.Mon, 21 Oct 2019 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/prevalence-and-adverse-obstetric-outcomes-of-female-genital-mutilation-among-women-in-rural-northern-ghana/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-liberia-key-findings-2019-english/Mon, 30 Sep 2019 15:29:53 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-in-liberia-key-findings-2019-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilation-in-rural-regions-of-iraqi-kurdistan-a-cross-sectional-study/Objectives: Although female genital mutilation (FGM) is illegal in Iraqi Kurdistan, FGM continues to be performed frequently in Muslim communities in the region. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the prevalence of FGM among females living in rural areas of Iraqi Kurdistan; (2) assess the attitudes toward FGM of mothers, village community leaders, and religious leaders; and (3) compare the prevalence of FGM by maternal education. Methods: In a cross-sectional, double-randomized study of rural areas in Iraqi Kurdistan, we used a semi-structured questionnaire to interview 1657 mothers of 5048 daughters, 192 mullahs (religious leaders), and 386 mokhtars (community leaders). We examined data on maternal education level, daughters’ ages, whether daughters had experienced FGM, and attitudes about FGM. Results: A total of 2361 of 5048 (46.8%) daughters had experienced FGM. Of 1643 mothers, 565 (34.4%) supported FGM for their daughters in the future, although 825 of 1652 (49.9%) mothers were aware that it was illegal. Eighty-six of 192 (44.8%) mullahs and 339 of 382 (88.7%) mokhtars supported abandoning the practice of FGM. Support for FGM was significantly higher among uneducated mothers than among educated mothers (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22-1.72; P < .001) and significantly higher among mothers with ≤9 years of education than among mothers with >9 years of education (PR = 1.66; 95% CI, 1.17-2.35; P = .003). Conclusions: FGM continues to be prevalent in rural areas of Iraqi Kurdistan. Public health interventions in this region are needed to improve knowledge about the harmful effects of FGM, its illegality, and the importance of prevention, particularly targeting leaders and households with low education levels.ABDULAH Deldar MoradWed, 31 Jul 2019 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilation-in-rural-regions-of-iraqi-kurdistan-a-cross-sectional-study/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/awareness-and-practice-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-in-a-semi-urban-community-in-southwest-nigeria/Despite efforts to eliminate female genital mutilation and cutting, the harmful practice has persisted in southwest Nigeria. There is an urgent need for accurate data highlighting predictors of the practice so that interventions to eliminate it can be effective. A population-based, cross-sectional survey of women in Ado – Ekiti Local Government Area was conducted to address this need. FGM/C prevalence was 67.2%, and 94% of the women interviewed were aware of the practice. Although most, 142 (39.3%), of the women heard of FGM/C from healthcare personnel, half, 181 (50.1%), of the respondents noted that healthcare providers performed the FGM/C in the community. Young and middle-aged women, of Yoruba extraction who were married, and multiparous, were significantly more likely to have undergone FGM/C. Also, the likelihood of having experienced FGM/C was more among women who were presently employed (irrespective of the class of occupation), had female children, and with a poor perception about FGM/C. After including characteristics with p < 0.05 into multivariate logistic regression model with practice of FGM/C as the dependent variable, perception about FGM/C (AOR: 0.42; 95% C.I.: 0.24 – 0.72; p = 0.002), employment as a skilled worker (AOR: 0.30; 95% C.I.: 0.13 – 0.69; p = 0.005) and being of Yoruba (AOR: 0.07; 95% C.I.: 0.02 – 0.25; p < 0.0001) and Igbo extraction (AOR: 0.15; 95% C.I.: 0.02 – 0.93; p = 0.042), were independently associated with the experience of FGM/C in the study population. Scaling up media involvement and inclusion of FGM/C facts in school texts and curricula, legal sanctions for erring healthcare workers, female re-orientation to correct wrong perception about FGM/C’s supposed benefits, and accurate data for targeted public health interventions are recommended.AWOLEKE Adeola OlabisiSun, 30 Jun 2019 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/awareness-and-practice-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-in-a-semi-urban-community-in-southwest-nigeria/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilation-in-the-united-states-estimating-the-number-of-girls-at-risk/Female genital mutilation (FGM) destroys the capacity of women to experience sexual pleasure. It causes serious medical complications such as bleeding, painful urination, cysts, dangerous and recurrent bladder and urinary tract infections, the growth of scar tissue that make marital intercourse a nightmare and that turns childbirth into an experience of danger and torture. Due to immigration, FGM now poses a potential health crisis in the West, both in Europe and in the United States. To estimate how many girls who live in the West are at risk, one can measure the prevalence of FGM in the non-Western countries where it is practiced and then calculate how many immigrants from such countries are living in the West. The highest number of girls and women at risk in the United States immigrated from three countries where the practice is the most prevalent: Egypt, Ethiopia and Somalia. It is estimated that the following numbers of girls are at risk: 65,893 in New York-New Jersey-and Pennsylvania; 51,411 in Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, WV; 37,417 in Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington-Wi; 23,216 in Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim; and 22,923 in SeattleTacoma-Bellevue, WA. Including seven other locations in the U.S., the number of girls at risk in the U.S. is 506,795. The largest at-risk populations (216, 370) live in large metropolitan areas in New York, Washington, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Los Angeles, and Seattle.CHESLER PhyllisWed, 01 May 2019 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilation-in-the-united-states-estimating-the-number-of-girls-at-risk/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/survey-on-female-genital-mutilationcutting-in-jeddah-saudi-arabia/Objectives The objective of this study was to determine whether female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) exists in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Design A cross-sectional study. Setting King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Participants Between December 2016 and August 2017, women attending the obstetrics and gynaecology clinics were asked to participate in a cross-sectional survey. This included questions on demographics, FGM/C status and type and attitudes towards the practice. Results In a convenience sample of 963 women aged 18 to 75 years, 175 (18.2%) had undergone FGM/C. Compared with women without FGM/C, women with FGM/C were older, married, non-Saudi and had a lower monthly income. Thirty-seven (21.1%) women had had FGM/C with some cutting of body parts (type I or II), 11 (6.3%) with suturing (type III), 46 (26.3%) with no cutting of body parts (type IV) and 81 (46.3%) did not know their type of FGM/C. There was also a significant association between nationality and age at which FGM/C was performed, with Saudi women undergoing the procedure earlier than Egyptian, Somali, Yemeni and Sudanese women. Conclusions FGM/C is prevalent in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, among immigrant women from other countries, and it is practised among Saudi women. Further research is needed to determine its prevalence.ROUZI Abdulrahim A.Wed, 01 May 2019 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/survey-on-female-genital-mutilationcutting-in-jeddah-saudi-arabia/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-law-factsheet-1-28-too-many-english/Thu, 25 Apr 2019 13:45:28 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-law-factsheet-1-28-too-many-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-law-factsheet-1-28-too-many-french/Thu, 25 Apr 2019 13:44:10 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-law-factsheet-1-28-too-many-french/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-law-factsheet-1-28-too-many-arabic/Thu, 25 Apr 2019 13:41:32 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-law-factsheet-1-28-too-many-arabic/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/underlying-sociocultural-practices-influencing-prevalence-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-in-kajiado-county/Background: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) often has lifelong negative consequences for a woman’s physical and mental health but is still practiced in some parts of Kenya including Kajiado County. We aimed to estimate the current prevalence as well as the socio-cultural beliefs and power relations that are in favor of or against the practice in Kajiado, Kenya. Methods: A mixed method cross-sectional study was conducted in Kajiado County. The study targeted: women of reproductive age (15 to 49 years); community health volunteers (CHVs); opinion leaders; health care workers; officials from the ministries of Education, Health, Culture, Gender and Social Services; Community Health Assistants (CHAs); Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs); teachers; morans and adolescent boys and girls aged 10 to 24 years. Data were collected both quantitatively through a household questionnaire and qualitatively through the focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Factors influencing Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) were classified as either social, cultural beliefs or economic. Results: From the study, quantitative results revealed that the prevalence of FGM/C in Kajiado County was 91%, with most of them (96.7%) practicing type 2 (excision) circumcisions. From the interviews, girls undergo the cut as a rite of passage to womanhood and thus a prerequisite for marriage. It is also believed that girls who are uncircumcised cannot be helped by TBAs in delivery. It is believed that their blood is poisonous and can cause bad omen to whoever comes in contact with dirty blood. Additionally, it is believed that girls go through the cut to avoid conflict and natural phenomena; for instance, drought and outbreaks of diseases that kill many people. Finally, it is a practice that earns respect for the parents of the girls and incentives as dowry to the father of the girl. TBAs that perform FGM/C get paid in cash and kind. Conclusion: Female genital mutilation/cutting practice in Kajiado County is still high. Efforts to end the practice will need to have an integrated approach to include all the players. Suggested alternatives to the cut must, therefore, be inclusive so as to address the myths/beliefs, misconceptions, socio-cultural and economic factors in favor of the vice. The alternatives must be inclusive for the beneficiaries, supporters, and practitioners.MBOGO BernardThu, 25 Apr 2019 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/underlying-sociocultural-practices-influencing-prevalence-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-in-kajiado-county/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/harnessing-the-power-of-data-for-gender-equality-equal-measures-2019/Tue, 23 Apr 2019 08:20:02 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/harnessing-the-power-of-data-for-gender-equality-equal-measures-2019/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/progress-on-the-sdgs-the-gender-snapshot-un-2019/Tue, 23 Apr 2019 08:18:23 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/progress-on-the-sdgs-the-gender-snapshot-un-2019/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/social-norms-and-beliefs-about-gender-based-violence-conflict-health-2019/Background: Gender-based violence (GBV) primary prevention programs seek to facilitate change by addressing the underlying causes and drivers of violence against women and girls at a population level. Social norms are contextually and socially derived collective expectations of appropriate behaviors. Harmful social norms that sustain GBV include women’s sexual purity, protecting family honor over women’s safety, and men’s authority to discipline women and children. To evaluate the impact of GBV prevention programs, our team sought to develop a brief, valid, and reliable measure to examine change over time in harmful social norms and personal beliefs that maintain and tolerate sexual violence and other forms of GBV against women and girls in low resource and complex humanitarian settings. Methods: The development and testing of the scale was conducted in two phases: 1) formative phase of qualitative inquiry to identify social norms and personal beliefs that sustain and justify GBV perpetration against women and girls; and 2) testing phase using quantitative methods to conduct a psychometric evaluation of the new scale in targeted areas of Somalia and South Sudan. Results: The Social Norms and Beliefs about GBV Scale was administered to 602 randomly selected men (N = 301) and women (N = 301) community members age 15 years and older across Mogadishu, Somalia and Yei and Warrup, South Sudan. The psychometric properties of the 30-item scale are strong. Each of the three subscales, “Response to Sexual Violence,” “Protecting Family Honor,” and “Husband’s Right to Use Violence” within the two domains, personal beliefs and injunctive social norms, illustrate good factor structure, acceptable internal consistency, reliability, and are supported by the significance of the hypothesized group differences. Conclusions: We encourage and recommend that researchers and practitioners apply the Social Norms and Beliefs about GBV Scale in different humanitarian and global LMIC settings and collect parallel data on a range of GBV outcomes. This will allow us to further validate the scale by triangulating its findings with GBV experiences and perpetration and assess its generalizability across diverse settings.PERRIN NancySun, 21 Apr 2019 16:25:15 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/social-norms-and-beliefs-about-gender-based-violence-conflict-health-2019/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-act-framework-towards-a-new-me-model-for-measuring-social-norms-change-around-fgm-unjp/Sun, 21 Apr 2019 15:46:19 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-act-framework-towards-a-new-me-model-for-measuring-social-norms-change-around-fgm-unjp/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-and-social-norms-a-guide-to-designing-culturally-sensitive-community-programmes-july-2019/Sun, 21 Apr 2019 15:41:53 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-and-social-norms-a-guide-to-designing-culturally-sensitive-community-programmes-july-2019/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/engaging-faith-actors-on-gbv-norwegian-church-aid-2019/Sun, 21 Apr 2019 09:45:25 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/engaging-faith-actors-on-gbv-norwegian-church-aid-2019/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgmc-in-chad-2019-english/Sat, 20 Apr 2019 09:28:53 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgmc-in-chad-2019-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/regional-conference-on-eliminating-child-marriage-and-fgm-unjp-2019/Sat, 20 Apr 2019 07:22:51 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/regional-conference-on-eliminating-child-marriage-and-fgm-unjp-2019/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-central-african-republic-january-2019/Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-central-african-republic-january-2019/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgmc-in-central-african-republic-2018-19-english/Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgmc-in-central-african-republic-2018-19-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgmc-in-central-african-republic-2018-19-english/Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgmc-in-central-african-republic-2018-19-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-guinea-january-2019/Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-guinea-january-2019/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-fgm-in-guinea-bissau-2018-19/Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-fgm-in-guinea-bissau-2018-19/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-sierra-leone-2019/Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-sierra-leone-2019/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-graph-fgm-in-sierra-leone-2019/Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-graph-fgm-in-sierra-leone-2019/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-fgm-in-somalia-and-somaliland-2019/Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-fgm-in-somalia-and-somaliland-2019/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-fgm-in-somalia-and-somaliland-2019-english/Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-fgm-in-somalia-and-somaliland-2019-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-fgm-in-somalia-and-somaliland-2019-1/Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-fgm-in-somalia-and-somaliland-2019-1/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-somalia-2019-english/Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-somalia-2019-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-somaliland-2019-english/Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-somaliland-2019-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-fgm-in-somalia-and-somaliland-2019-somali/Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-fgm-in-somalia-and-somaliland-2019-somali/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-somalia-2019-somali/Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-somalia-2019-somali/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-fgm-in-somalia-and-somaliland-2019-somali-1/Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-fgm-in-somalia-and-somaliland-2019-somali-1/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-somaliland-2019-somali/Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-somaliland-2019-somali/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-fgm-in-liberia-2nd-edition-2019/Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-fgm-in-liberia-2nd-edition-2019/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/ghana-short-report-2019/Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/ghana-short-report-2019/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-cameroon-short-report-2019-english/Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-cameroon-short-report-2019-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-fgm-in-sudan-2019/Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-fgm-in-sudan-2019/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-fgm-in-sudan-2019-english/Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-fgm-in-sudan-2019-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-sudan-2019-english/Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-sudan-2019-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-somaliland-2019-arabic/Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-somaliland-2019-arabic/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-cameroon-short-report-2019-french/Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-cameroon-short-report-2019-french/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-togo-short-report-2020-english/Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-togo-short-report-2020-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-chad-short-report-2019-french/Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-chad-short-report-2019-french/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgmc-in-central-african-republic-2018-19-french/Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgmc-in-central-african-republic-2018-19-french/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-fgm-in-somalia-and-somaliland-2019-arabic/Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-fgm-in-somalia-and-somaliland-2019-arabic/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-chad-short-report-2019-arabic/Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-chad-short-report-2019-arabic/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-fgm-in-sudan-2019-arabic/Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-fgm-in-sudan-2019-arabic/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-sudan-2019-arabic/Key Findings: FGM in Sudan (2019, Arabic)Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-sudan-2019-arabic/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-guinea-bissau-2018-19/Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-guinea-bissau-2018-19/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgmc-in-central-african-republic-2018-19-arabic/Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgmc-in-central-african-republic-2018-19-arabic/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgmc-in-central-african-republic-2018-19-arabic/Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgmc-in-central-african-republic-2018-19-arabic/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-cutting-in-malaysia-a-mixed-methods-study-british-medical-journal-2019/ Objective: This study aimed to understand the reasons for the practice by the Muslim community, traditional practitioners and the views of religious scholars as well as the medicalisation trend of the practice of female genital cutting (FGC).Design: This is a mixed-method (qualitative and quantitative) study. A questionnaire was created and used by three trained research assistants for the quantitative component of the study. The qualitative component ofthe study included in-depth interviews and focus group interviews.Setting: This study was conducted in rural areas of two states in the Northern Peninsular Malaysia.Participants: Due to the sensitive nature of the study, the study sample was chosen using a snowball sampling method. Two of the three Northern states Mufti’s approached consented to participate in the study.Results: Quantitative: There were 605 participants, most had undergone FGC (99.3%), were in the opinion FGC is compulsory in Islam (87.6%) and wanted FGC to continue (99.3%). Older respondents had FGC conducted by traditional midwives (X2=59.13, p<0.001) and younger age groups preferred medical doctors (X2=32.96, p<0.001) and would permit doctors (X2=29.17, p<0.001) to conduct FGC on their children. These findings suggest a medicalisation trend. Regression analysis showed the odds of FGC conducted by traditional midwives and nurses and trained midwives compared with medical doctors was 1.07 (1.05; 1.09) and 1.04 (1.01; 1.06), respectively. For every 1-year decrease in age, the odds of participants deciding medical doctors should perform FGC as compared with traditional midwives increase by 1.61. Qualitative: Focus group discussions showed most believed that FGC is compulsory in Islam but most traditional practitioners and the Mufti’s stated that FGC is not compulsory in Islam.Conclusion: Almost everyone in the community believed FGC is compulsory in Islam and wanted the practice to continue, whereas the traditional practitioners and more importantly the Mufti’s, who are responsible in issuing religious edicts, say it is not a religious requirement. RASHID AbdulFri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-cutting-in-malaysia-a-mixed-methods-study-british-medical-journal-2019/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/reflections-from-five-years-of-research-evidence-to-end-fgm-population-council-2019/Fri, 19 Apr 2019 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/reflections-from-five-years-of-research-evidence-to-end-fgm-population-council-2019/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilation-and-obstetric-outcomes-in-the-far-north-region-cameroon-a-case-control-study/Various forms of Female Genital Mutilations (FGMs) have been performed for several years and continue to be practiced with serious consequences. Aims: The study aimed at assessing the socio-demographic profile, prevalence, types of FGM, and associated obstetric outcomes in the Far North Region, Cameroon. Study Design: Case-control study. Place and Duration of Study: Four health facilities in the aforementioned region from 4th February, 2017 to 28th April 2017. Methods: We included 213 parturients matched for age and parity in a proportion of 1:2 (71 with FGM and 142 counterparts). Data was collected on their socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge of FGM and obstetric outcomes. Each parturient’s labor was monitored using a partograph and intermittent fetal heart rate auscultation. The mother-neonate dyads were followed up until discharge from the hospital. Data were analyzed using Epi InfoTM version 7. Results: The mean age of parturients was 23.8 years (SD: 5.8 years). The prevalence of FGM was 28.7%. Most participants had FGM before the age of ten for the following reasons: cultural, marital, social acceptability and suppression of sexual desires. Female genital mutilation was significantly associated with Caesarian section (RR:2.91; 95% CI: 1.43-5.93; p=0.002), episiotomy (RR 8.0: 95% CI 1.56-17.26) P=0.03), perineal tears (RR: 3.67; 95% CI: 1.93-6.98; p<0.001), prolonged labor (RR:2.7; 95% CI 1.44-5.09; p<0.001), and neonatal resuscitation (RR:.44; 95% CI: 1.59-12.18; p=0.002). However, only perineal tears (Adjusted RR:5.58; 95% CI: 2.49-12.53; p<0.001) and episiotomy (Adjusted RR 11.52; 95% CI: 1.16-114.69; p= 0.03) were independently associated with FGM on multivariate analysis. Conclusion: The prevalence of FGM was high. FGMs were associated with maternal and fetal morbidity. Therefore, mass sensitization on the consequences of FGM, utilization of ANC services and health facility child births should be encouraged.HALLE-EKANE Gregory EdieSat, 30 Mar 2019 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilation-and-obstetric-outcomes-in-the-far-north-region-cameroon-a-case-control-study/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/stigmatising-and-traumatising-approaches-to-fgm-safeguarding-need-urgent-review/About the research Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is considered by the UN to be a ‘global concern’. International organisations routinely claim a 98% prevalence rate among the Somali population (UNICEF 2013). As a consequence, Somalis living in the UK have attracted particular attention from FGM-safeguarding policy. This research presents the perspectives of Somali families living in Bristol with experience of FGM-safeguarding services.KARLSEN SaffronFri, 01 Mar 2019 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/stigmatising-and-traumatising-approaches-to-fgm-safeguarding-need-urgent-review/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/decision-making-in-the-practice-of-female-genital-mutilation-or-cutting-in-sudan-a-cross-sectional-study/Background Female genital mutilation or cutting (FGM/C) is a form of violence against women and girls that is widely performed in about 30 countries in Africa, Middle East and Asia. In Sudan, the prevalence of FGM/C among women aged 15–49 years was 87% in 2014. Little is known about household decision-making as it relates to FGM/C. This study aimed to understand the key people involved in FGM/C-related decisions, and to assess predictors of households’ decision to cut or not cut the youngest daughter and the reasons for these decisions. Methods We drew on household survey data collected as part of a larger cross-sectional, mixed methods study in Sudan. The analytical sample comprised of data from 403 households that both reported that they had discussion around whether to cut the youngest daughter aged 19 years or younger and arrived at a decision to either cut or leave her uncut. Descriptive statistics summarizing the people involved in FGM/C-related decisions and the reasons for decisions are presented. We also present logistic regression analyses results summarizing predictors of households’ decision to leave the youngest daughter uncut. Results Household decision-making on FGM/C involved discussions among the nuclear and extended family, and non-family members. Mothers and fathers were found to be the key decision makers. A greater proportion of fathers were involved in instances where the final decision was to leave the daughter uncut. Thirty-six percent of households decided to leave the youngest daughter uncut. State of residence, mothers’ level of education and FGM/C status and exposure to FGM/C-related information or campaigns were associated with households’ decision to leave the daughter uncut. Health concerns were the most commonly cited reason for deciding not to cut their daughters (57%), while custom or culture was the most commonly cited reason for households deciding to cut their daughter (52%). Conclusion FGM/C-related decisions result from deliberations that involve many people. Our findings underscore the important role that fathers play in decision-making and highlight the need to involve men in FGM/C programs. Findings also stress the need to understand and address the drivers of FGM/C.SABAHELZAIN Majdi M.Thu, 28 Feb 2019 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/decision-making-in-the-practice-of-female-genital-mutilation-or-cutting-in-sudan-a-cross-sectional-study/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/prevalence-of-female-genital-mutilation-and-its-relation-to-menstrual-disorders-among-preparatory-school-students-cross-sectional-study/Objective: The current study aims to evaluate the prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) among preparatory school students and its relation to menstrual disorders in Beni-Suef, Upper Egypt. Methodology: A cross-sectional study had been conducted on 860 preparatory school female students attending two public schools in the rural area in Beni-Suef city at the beginning of the second term of the academic year 2016/2017. They were interviewed and asked to fill out a questionnaire included socio-demographic characteristics, questions about FGM/C, beliefs of girls about the justifications used for FGM/C, and the sources of information girls used to get knowledge about FGM/C. Also, the gynecological symptoms, mainly dysmenorrhea, and other menstrual disorders during the past 12 months, and the pain relief methods used by girls throughout the same period were reported. Results: Out of the 860 participating girls, 78.8% were circumcised. No difference between circumcised and the uncircumcised girls regarding the socio-demographic characteristics or gynecological data (p>0.05). Family and friends were the primary sources of knowledge about FGM/C. Around half of the circumcised girls had justifications for FGM/C; mainly religious and traditional (p=0.000). Dysmenorrhea, backaches and generalized aching were highly incident amongst the girls with no association between these symptoms and FGM/C (p>0.05). Conclusions: FGM/C is highly prevalent among school girls in rural areas. Religious and social issues are among the most potential risk factors for FGM/C. Further research should focus on changing attitudes of all family members, renewing the religious speech, and empowering young girls to stand against FGM/C.KHAMIS YasserMon, 18 Feb 2019 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/prevalence-of-female-genital-mutilation-and-its-relation-to-menstrual-disorders-among-preparatory-school-students-cross-sectional-study/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/trends-in-female-genital-mutilationcutting-in-senegal-what-can-we-learn-from-successive-household-surveys-in-sub-saharan-african-countries/BackgroundOver the last several decades, global efforts to end female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) have intensified through combined efforts of international and non-governmental organizations, governments, and religious and civil society groups. One question asked by donors, program implementers and observers alike is whether there is any evidence that FGM/C is declining. In the last two decades, reliable data have been generated in numerous countries through major household surveys, including repeat cross-sectional surveys. What can we learn from these data? We explore this question by analyzing data on FGM/C obtained from women aged 15–49 in two successive household surveys in Senegal (2005 and 2010–11). The aggregate national-level statistics suggest that there has been no significant change in the prevalence of FGM/C among adult women. These figures are, however, unadjusted for potentially confounding factors, and potentially mask important variation in the practice.This paper aims to provide a deeper understanding of trends in FGM/C across regions, and possibly across generations, providing evidence as to when and where the practice of FGM/C is changing. We aim to answer the following questions: 1. What are the trends in FGM/C among women across Senegal and within regions? 2. Are individual characteristics, such as education, wealth and ethnicity, associated with a likelihood of FGM/C? 3. Are community-level factors, captured by covariate-adjusted geographic estimates, important predictors of a likelihood of FGM/C, as predicted by social convention theory?4. After adjusting for individual- and community-level factors, do we see a decrease in the prevalence of FGM/C across generations of women in Senegal?MethodsParticipants were 14,602 and 14,228 respondents from two consecutive Senegal Demographic and Health Surveys from 2005 to 2010 (FGM/C prevalence 30.1% in 2005 and 28.1% in 2010). A Bayesian geo-additive mixed model based on Markov Chain Monte Carlo techniques was used to map the change in the spatial distribution of FGM/C prevalence at the regional level during the five-year period, while simultaneously examining the effect of individual-level risk factors.ResultsOverall, the prevalence of FGM/C at that national level changed little over the 5-year period, but the fully-adjusted model and map of trends in residual spatial effects at the regional level reveal important spatial patterns. Across both survey periods, several high prevalence regions remained “hot spots,” bearing a consistently high FGM/C prevalence. These include Kolda (along with the newly subdivided region of Sédhiou in 2010), Tambacounda (along with the newly subdivided region of Kédougou in 2010), and Matam. At the same time, risk remained not significant in the high prevalence regions of Saint Louis and Zinguinchor and was attenuated between 2005 and 2010–11 in Kaolack (including the newly subdivided region of Kaffrine in 2010), shifting from not significant risk in 2005 to a very low FGM/C prevalence in 2010–11. In both surveys, unadjusted estimates of the effect of age show no significant difference in risk of FGM across age cohorts. However, non-parametric covariate-adjusted estimates show that in both surveys age is a significant risk factor for FGM/C, although not in the anticipated direction. The effect of age on prevalence of FGM/C is highest in women aged 15–20, and declines with increasing age. Other significant factors are socio-demographic variables, particularly ethnicity.ConclusionsFindings from two consecutive surveys reveal that while no significant changes in FGM/C prevalence are found at the national level, mixed changes are visible at the regional level, as well as at the individual level. The modelled covariate results confirmed that the patterns of FGM/C differ markedly with region of residence and age remaining significant risk factors in both surveys, suggesting that community factors (convention theory), above and beyond individual factors, play a crucial role in the perpetuation, spread or decline of the practice of FGM/C.There is a clear pattern of regions with higher prevalence of FGM/C, mostly the south-eastern region of Tambacounda, Kolda and Matam in 2005, including the eastern region of Kédougou and the southern region of Sédhiou in 2010, which were associated with a higher prevalence of FGM/C, while regions  such as Louga, Thiès, Diourbel, Kaolack and Fatick in 2005 and Louga, Thiès, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaolack and Kaffrine in 2010 were associated with a lower prevalence of FGM/C.However, the total spatial residuals in both surveys also indicate that much of the variation in FGM/C likelihood remains to be explained. The spatial effects of the Kaolack region in 2005 was greatly attenuated after multiple adjustments of other risk factors indicating that perhaps the higher number of FGM/C affected women living in the region was inflated by other factors such as ethnicity, socio-economic status and education. Overall, the results indicate that across surveys, certain high prevalence regions remain “hot spots” regarding FGM/C prevalence.These novel findings fit with predictions of theory on social norms and conventions which suggest that the practice is upheld by interdependent expectations regarding the practice, and when such expectations are challenged within a community, the possibility for abandonment is opened.KANDALA Ngianga-BakwinWed, 30 Jan 2019 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/trends-in-female-genital-mutilationcutting-in-senegal-what-can-we-learn-from-successive-household-surveys-in-sub-saharan-african-countries/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/modeling-determinants-of-time-to-circumcision-of-girls-a-comparison-of-various-parametric-shared-frailty-models/Female genital mutilation (FGM), also known as female genital cutting or female circumcision, is one of the deeply rooted traditional practices, in which the external female genital organ is either partially or totally removed for non-medical reasons. In Ethiopia, FGM is widespread across the majority of regions and ethnic groups, having the highest national prevalence that leads them to various complications such as immediate urinary and genital tract infection, pain and hemorrhage, complications in childbirth and social, psychological and sexual complications. This study aimed to model and investigate the potential risk factors of time-to-circumcision of girls in Ethiopia using parametric shared frailty models where regional states of the girls were used as a clustering effect in the models. The data source for the analysis was the 2016 EDHS data collected from January 18, 2016 up to June 27, 2016 from which the survival information of 2930 girls on age at circumcision obtained. The gamma and inverse Gaussian shared frailty distributions with Exponential, Weibull and log-logistic baseline models was employed to analyze risk factors associated with age at circumcision using socio-economic and demographic factors. All the fitted models were compared by using AIC and BIC values from simulation study and actual dataset. The result revealed that about 22.4% of girls were circumcised and 77.6% were not circumcised. The median age at circumcision was 3 years. Based on AIC and BIC values from simulation experiment and graphical evidences, log-logistic model with inverse Gaussian shared frailty distribution preferred when compared with other models for age at circumcision dataset. The clustering effect was significant for modeling the determinants of time to circumcision of girls dataset. Based on the result of log-logistic inverse Gaussian shared frailty model, mothers and fathers educational level, place of residence and religion of parents were found to be the most significant determinants of age at circumcision of girls. The estimated acceleration factor for the group of mothers who had secondary and higher educational level were highly prolonged age at circumcision of girls by the factor of = 3.119 and = 3.933 respectively. The log-logistic model with inverse Gaussian shared frailty distribution described age at circumcision of girls better than other models and there was heterogeneity between the regions on age at circumcision. Improving parents access to education would be an important way approach for preventing girls' circumcision.BEKALO Daniel BiftuWed, 23 Jan 2019 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/modeling-determinants-of-time-to-circumcision-of-girls-a-comparison-of-various-parametric-shared-frailty-models/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/community-awareness-and-prevalence-of-female-genital-mutilation-in-ikungi-district-tanzania/Female genital mutilation is a deeply rooted tradition in many countries, including in some Tanzanian communities despite the various advocacy and legal interventions to stop it. This study examines community awareness and prevalence of female genital mutilation in selected villages of Ikungi District using the behavioural change perspective. The specific objectives of the study were 1) to analyse the levels of awareness on the existence of FGM, and 2) to examine prevalence of FGM in the study area. Data were collected from 150 adolescent school girls and 150 parents/caregivers school teachers, local government officials, traditional birth attendants and religious leaders using questionnaire survey, semi-structured interviews and documentary review. Data analysis techniques included descriptive statistics, chi-square test, independent samples t-test and qualitative content analysis. The study findings revealed that community awareness on female genital mutilation was generally high (98%) among both adults and school girls. Female genital mutilation was still being practiced secretly in the area (specifically on girl dodders), for spiritual, sociological and hygienic reasons. Prevalence rate of female genital mutilation among young girls was estimated at 12% although could be higher in more remote rural villages. It is recommended that the government and other actors should use the available community radio stations to disseminate information to change current cultural notions and practices favoring female genital mutilation in the district. The voice of religious leaders should also be enhanced and supported to strengthen peer group discussions at church and mosque levels because female genital mutilation was not reported to be a religious requirement.MASANYIWA Zacharia S.Thu, 10 Jan 2019 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/community-awareness-and-prevalence-of-female-genital-mutilation-in-ikungi-district-tanzania/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/orientalism-and-the-un-deconstructing-the-double-standard-in-policies-of-fgmc/AbstractFemale genital mutilation, cutting or circumcision (FGM/C) involves removing or altering the female genitalia. The UN’s Zero Tolerance Policy toward FGM disregards the cultural application of these practices and implements educational programs, while criminally prosecuting those participating in the performance of FGM/C. The UN and associated organizations reference female genital mutilation (FGM), although to maintain objectivity across genital practices, FGM/C will be used in this paper. This paper proposes that the double standard between Western-classified cultures and cultures traditionally practicing FGM/C exists as the international regime of human rights, created by the cultural hegemony, imposes a juxtaposition of acceptable and illegal practices of FGM/C. This is exhibited through Western FGM/C practices, other acceptable body alterations, male genital circumcision, and the intentionally abrasive language used to discredit the legitimacy of important and chosen cultural practices.BALL Casey L.Sat, 01 Dec 2018 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/orientalism-and-the-un-deconstructing-the-double-standard-in-policies-of-fgmc/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilation-in-nigeria-a-persisting-challenge-for-womens-rights/Although considered a violation of human rights, female genital mutilation (FGM) is a commonly accepted practice in Nigeria in the ritual and sociocultural context of the population. In recent years, there have been strong policy actions by Nigerian legislature to curb this practice. Despite that, FGM continues to be a widespread phenomenon. In this study, we aimed to report on the prevalence of FGM, women’s attitude towards this practice, and its association with selected sociodemographic factors. Methods: Nigeria Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 2003, 2008 and 2013 provided the data for this study. The participants were married women aged between 15 and 49 years. Owing to the clustered nature of the data, a complex survey plan was created to account for cluster effects and sampling weights. Data were analysed using bivariate and multivariate regression techniques. Results: Overall prevalence of FGM was 38.9% (95% CI = 36.4–40.1), and that among their daughters was 17.4% (95% CI = 15.3–19.7). There has been a substantial increase in the prevalence of FGM in 2013 compared to its 2003 level. Respondents who had undergone circumcision were more likely to have their daughters circumcised. In all three surveys, almost all of the circumcisions were performed by traditional practitioners. In the regression analysis, respondent’s age, area and region of residency, religious affiliation, educational status, and household wealth appeared to be significant predictors of FGM. Conclusion: In Nigeria, FGM remains a widely prevalent phenomenon with an increasing number of women experiencing this practice. Important regional and socioeconomic disparities were observed in the prevalence which merit urgent policy attention.YAYA SanniThu, 22 Nov 2018 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilation-in-nigeria-a-persisting-challenge-for-womens-rights/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/changes-in-support-for-the-continuation-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-and-religious-views-on-the-practice-in-19-countries/ABSTRACT Campaigns to end female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) have been ongoing for decades. Many countries have adopted legislation that criminalises the practice and programmatic interventions aim to reduce support for it by presenting it as a violation of human rights and by highlighting associated health risks. We used Demographic and Health Survey data from 19 countries to measure national-level trends in the prevalence of FGM/C, reported support for the continuation of the practice, and the belief that it is a religious requirement among men and women. Levels and patterns in each of these outcomes vary markedly between countries. More than half of men and women born in recent years in Guinea and Mali support the continuation of the practice and believe that it is a religious requirement. Support for the continuation of FGM/C has fallen in Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, and Tanzania, but has risen in Guinea, Niger, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone. The belief that FGM/C is a religious requirement is common, particularly in countries with high prevalence of cutting. Changes in support for cutting mirror those in the belief that it is a religious requirement.Tue, 13 Nov 2018 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/changes-in-support-for-the-continuation-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-and-religious-views-on-the-practice-in-19-countries/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/challenges-in-the-eradication-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting/Despite more than 40 y of discussion and debate regarding female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), this topic remains controversial and emotive, and the practice continues. FGM/C is defined as ‘all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs, whether for cultural or other non-therapeutic reasons’. There are four main classifications of FGM/C (Table 1). Type III, or ‘infibulation’, is the most severe form and accounts for 10% of cases. It is estimated that more than 200 million girls and women worldwide are living with the effects of FGM/C.2 Of these, 44 million are <15 y of age. FGM/C is practised mainly in Africa, with the highest prevalence in Somalia, Egypt, Mali and Sudan, where more than 80% of all women between 15 and 49 y of age have undergone FGM/C. However, FGM/C is also prevalent in other settings including the Middle East, India and Indonesia. The specific type of FGM/C varies within and between countries.MCCAULEY MaryTue, 11 Sep 2018 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/challenges-in-the-eradication-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/prevalence-of-female-genital-mutilation-and-its-determinants-among-pregnant-women-in-benin-city-nigeria/Background: Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a harmful cultural practice perpetuating gender inequality and violence against women and the girl child. This study assessed prevalence and determinants of FGM among pregnant women in Benin City, Edo State with a view to mitigating the practice. Methods: A facility-based descriptive, cross-sectional study involving 400 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in selected health facilities in Benin City, Edo State. The respondents were selected using systematic sampling technique and data collection was by pretested structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 21.0 statistical software with statistical significance set at p<0.05 and 95% confidence interval. Results: The mean age (SD) of respondents was 30.3 (4.8) years. The prevalence of FGM among respondents was 187 (46.7%) and 77 (19.4%) of them had their daughters circumcised. Seventy-six (98.7%) and 1 (1.3%) of the daughters circumcised had mothers who were previously and not previously circumcised, respectively. Significant association exists between FGM status of respondents and their daughters (p<0.001) and in relation to their intention to circumcise future daughters (p<0.001). Age group (p=0.004), ethnicity (p<0.001), educational status (p=0.004) and knowledge of FGM (p<0.001) were significant factors influencing FGM practice. Conclusion: Female genital mutilation was common among respondents studied with significant association identified between the FGM status of respondents with that of their daughters and intention to circumcise future daughters. There is need to channel appropriate FGM preventive interventions involving critical stakeholders including pregnant women to curb this harmful socio-cultural practice.OBI A. I.Sun, 02 Sep 2018 13:41:21 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/prevalence-of-female-genital-mutilation-and-its-determinants-among-pregnant-women-in-benin-city-nigeria/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/using-electronic-maternity-records-to-estimate-female-genital-mutilation-in-lothian-from-2010-to-2013/Background Female genital mutilation (FGM) is most commonly encountered in Africa and the Middle East, with migration from FGM-practicing countries meaning it is increasingly seen in Europe. Addressing FGM requires accurate information on who is affected but ascertainment is notoriously difficult. This study estimated FGM prevalence in women presenting for maternity care in the Lothian region of Scotland and compared this with that expected by extrapolation of survey data from women's country of birth. Methods Electronic clinical records were linked to birth registration data to estimate FGM in the obstetric patients in Lothian from 2010 to 2013. Results Among all, 107 women affected by FGM were detected, at a rate of 2.8/1000 pregnancies. Of 487 women from UNICEF-recognized FGM-practicing countries who accessed care, 87 (18%) had documented evidence of FGM (three quarters of whom came from Nigeria, Sudan or The Gambia). The prevalence was 54% of the level expected from the extrapolation method. Country of birth had a sensitivity of 81% for FGM. Conclusion Women from FGM-practicing countries commonly access maternity care in Lothian. This confirms the need for ongoing training and investment in identifying and managing FGM. Matching electronic clinical records with birth registration data was a useful methodology in estimating the level of FGM in the maternity population. In a European country like Scotland with modest migrant numbers, asking country of birth during pregnancy and making sensitive enquiries could detect 81% of women with FGM. Extrapolation from maternal country of birth surveys grossly overestimates the true prevalence.FORD C. M.Wed, 01 Aug 2018 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/using-electronic-maternity-records-to-estimate-female-genital-mutilation-in-lothian-from-2010-to-2013/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/sequela-of-female-genital-mutilation-on-birth-outcomes-in-jijiga-town-ethiopian-somali-region-a-prospective-cohort-study/AbstractBackground: In Ethiopia, female genital mutilation (FGM) remains a serious concern and has affected 23.8 million women and girls, with the highest prevalence in Somali regional state. Even though FGM is reported to be associated with a range of obstetric complications, little is known about its effects on childbirth in the region. Therefore, the objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that FGM is a contributing factor to the increased risk of complication during childbirth. Methods: Facility based cohort study, involving 142 parturients with FGM and 139 parturients without FGM, was conducted in Jijiga town from October to December, 2014. The study participants were recruited by consecutive sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured interviewer administered questionnaire andobservational checklists. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 and STATA version 11. Results: The existence of FGM was significantly associated with perinealtear [RR = 2.52 (95% CI 1.26-5.02)], postpartum blood loss [RR = 3.14 (95% CI 1.27-7.78)], outlet obstruction [RR = 1.83 (95% CI 1.19-2.79)] and emergency caesarean section [RR = 1.52 (95% CI 1.04-2.22)]. FGM type I and FGM type II did not demonstrate any association with prolonged 2nd stage of labour, emergency caesarean section, postpartum blood loss, and APGAR score < 7. FGM type III however was significantly associated with prolonged 2nd stage of labour [RR = 2.47 (95% CI 1.06-5.76)], emergency caesarean section [RR = 3.60 (95% CI 1.65-7.86)], postpartum blood loss [RR = 6.37 (95% CI 2.11-19.20] and APGAR score < 7 [RR=4.41 (95% CI, 1.84-10.60)]. FGM type II and type III were significantly associated with perinealtear [RR=2.45(95% CI 1.03-5.83)], [RR=4.91(95% CI 2.46-9.77)] and outlet obstruction [RR=2.38(95% CI 1.39-4.08)], [RR=2.94(95% CI 1.84-4.71)] respectively. Conclusion: Women with FGM are significantly more likely than those without FGM to have adverse obstetric outcomes. Risks seem to be greater with more extensive form of FGM. Adverse obstetric outcomes can therefore be added to the known harmful immediate and long-term effects of FGM.GEBREMICHEAL KirosFri, 20 Jul 2018 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/sequela-of-female-genital-mutilation-on-birth-outcomes-in-jijiga-town-ethiopian-somali-region-a-prospective-cohort-study/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/cameroon-law-report-2018-french/Vue d’ensemble du cadre juridique national au Cameroun La Constitution interdit expressément :X Les violences à l’égard des femmes et des fillesX Les pratiques préjudiciablesX Les mutilations génitales féminines/excision (MGF/E) La législation Nationale :X Définit clairement les MGF/E✓ Incrimine la perpétration de MGF/EX Incrimine l’instigation, la préparation et/ou l’assistance à un acte de MGF/EX Incrimine le non-signalement d’incident lié à des MGF/EX Incrimine la participation de professionnels de santé à un acte de MGF/EX Incrimine la pratique transfrontalière de MGF/E✓ Le Gouvernement a une stratégie en place pour mettre un terme aux MGF/ESun, 01 Jul 2018 21:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/cameroon-law-report-2018-french/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-need-for-an-evidence-informed-multi-sectoral-and-community-participatory-action-framework-to-address-the-practice-of-female-genital-mutilation-in-sri-lanka/IntroductionFemale genital mutilation or cutting comprises all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the female external genitalia and or injury to the female genital organs [1]. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies female genital mutilation into four types, with the most severe form involving infibulation of the external genitalia and stitching or narrowing of the vaginal opening[1]. The WHO estimates that more than 200 million girls and women alive today have been subjected to female genital mutilation [1]. The practice is most common in 30 countries in the Western, Eastern, and North-eastern regions of Africa, and in selected countries the MiddleEast and Asia. With increased migration from such countries, health professionals in destination countries are confronted with the challenge of caring for women and girls subjected to it, and mounting responses to inhibit its practice. Female genital mutilation is therefore a global concern, with international human rights treaties condemning the practice as a gross violation of fundamental human rights of girls and women [2]. Extensive evidence shows female genital mutilation to negatively impact on reproductive morbidity and mental health, as summarised in table 1 [3,4]. These range from the trauma of the cutting itself; memory of it; pain and reduced pleasure during sexual intercourse; taking long or being unable to climax; relationship difficulties; and feelings of being violated because the act had been carried out on them as children without consent [4].WICKRAMAGE KFri, 01 Jun 2018 21:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-need-for-an-evidence-informed-multi-sectoral-and-community-participatory-action-framework-to-address-the-practice-of-female-genital-mutilation-in-sri-lanka/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/harmful-traditional-practices-child-marriage-initiation-rituals-fgmc/Traditional cultural practices span across all cultures and societies for generationsand they reflect values and beliefs held by its members. Some of them are beneficial to all members, while some are harmful to a specific group, especially women and children. (UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), 1995)There are numerous harmful traditional practices around the world. United Nations Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights (2015) strikes the importance of attention on child and/or forced marriage and female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), due to their impact on the reproductive health. Besides child marriage and FGM, another cultural practice gains its attention for the same reason as well – initiation rituals. This is a very common practice among over half of the societies worldwide (Schlegel & Barry, 1979). Some of these initiation rituals involve harmful practices, in particular related to forced sexual intercourse. This desk review will focus on these three important categories of harmful traditional practices regarding reproductive health: child marriage, initiation rituals, and FGM/C.SCHIEF MatthiasFri, 01 Jun 2018 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/harmful-traditional-practices-child-marriage-initiation-rituals-fgmc/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/analysis-of-legal-frameworks-on-female-genital-mutilation-in-selected-countries-in-west-africa-unfpa-2018/Wed, 25 Apr 2018 11:48:27 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/analysis-of-legal-frameworks-on-female-genital-mutilation-in-selected-countries-in-west-africa-unfpa-2018/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/gender-justice-and-the-law-in-arab-states-undp-2018/Wed, 25 Apr 2018 11:47:06 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/gender-justice-and-the-law-in-arab-states-undp-2018/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-law-and-fgm-in-africa-2018/Wed, 25 Apr 2018 09:47:02 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-law-and-fgm-in-africa-2018/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/how-to-transform-a-social-norm-unjp-2018-french/Mon, 23 Apr 2018 06:44:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/how-to-transform-a-social-norm-unjp-2018-french/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/alternative-rites-of-passage-in-fgmc-abandonment-campaigns-in-africa-institute-of-advanced-studies-2018/DROY LaurenceMon, 23 Apr 2018 06:38:45 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/alternative-rites-of-passage-in-fgmc-abandonment-campaigns-in-africa-institute-of-advanced-studies-2018/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/breaking-a-culture-of-silence-enough-oxfam-2018/Mon, 23 Apr 2018 06:34:19 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/breaking-a-culture-of-silence-enough-oxfam-2018/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-graph-fgmc-in-nigeria-2018/Sat, 21 Apr 2018 15:39:02 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-graph-fgmc-in-nigeria-2018/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgmc-in-nigeria-2018/Sat, 21 Apr 2018 15:33:07 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgmc-in-nigeria-2018/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/what-lies-beneath-tackling-the-roots-of-religious-resistance-to-ending-child-marriage-girls-not-brides-2018-1/Sat, 21 Apr 2018 09:47:23 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/what-lies-beneath-tackling-the-roots-of-religious-resistance-to-ending-child-marriage-girls-not-brides-2018-1/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/medicalized-fgmc-contentious-practices-and-persistent-debates-population-council-2018/KIMANI SamuelFri, 20 Apr 2018 17:26:41 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/medicalized-fgmc-contentious-practices-and-persistent-debates-population-council-2018/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/cote-divoire-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/cote-divoire-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-ghana-2017-18/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-ghana-2017-18/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgm-in-ghana-2017-18/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgm-in-ghana-2017-18/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-guinea-2018-english/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-guinea-2018-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgm-in-guinea-2018-english/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgm-in-guinea-2018-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/eritrea-the-law-and-fgm-2018-arabic/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/eritrea-the-law-and-fgm-2018-arabic/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-mali-2018-english/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-mali-2018-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-senegal-2018/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-senegal-2018/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-senegal-2018-english/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-senegal-2018-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-graph-fgm-in-senegal-2018/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-graph-fgm-in-senegal-2018/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-the-gambia-2018/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-the-gambia-2018/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/south-sudan-the-law-and-fgm-2018/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/south-sudan-the-law-and-fgm-2018/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/kenya-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/kenya-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/tanzania-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/tanzania-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/uganda-the-law-and-fgm-2018/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/uganda-the-law-and-fgm-2018/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/nigeria-the-law-and-fgm-2018/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/nigeria-the-law-and-fgm-2018/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/egypt-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/egypt-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/cameroon-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/cameroon-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/central-african-republic-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/central-african-republic-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/chad-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/chad-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/djibouti-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/djibouti-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/eritrea-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/eritrea-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/somalia-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/somalia-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/ethiopia-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/ethiopia-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/guinea-bissau-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/guinea-bissau-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/senegal-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/senegal-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-gambia-the-law-and-fgm-2018/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-gambia-the-law-and-fgm-2018/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/burkina-faso-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/burkina-faso-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/mauritania-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/mauritania-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/somaliland-the-law-and-fgm-2018-arabic/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/somaliland-the-law-and-fgm-2018-arabic/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/benin-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/benin-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/ghana-the-law-and-fgm-2018/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/ghana-the-law-and-fgm-2018/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/liberia-the-law-and-fgm-2018/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/liberia-the-law-and-fgm-2018/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/mali-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/mali-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/niger-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/niger-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/sierra-leone-the-law-and-fgm-2018/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/sierra-leone-the-law-and-fgm-2018/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/togo-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/togo-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/prevalence-of-fgm-in-northern-ghana-bmc-womens-health-2018/Background: Globally, three million girls are at risk of female genital mutilation (FGM) and an estimated 200 million girls and women in the world have undergone FGM. While the overall prevalence of FGM in Ghana is 4%, studies have shown that the overall prevalence in the Upper East Region is 38%, with Bawku municipality recording the highest at 82%. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design with a quantitative approach: a survey with women of reproductive age (15–49). Results: Among all respondents, 830 women who participated in the study, 61% reported having undergone FGM. Of those circumcised, 66% indicated their mothers influenced it. Three quarters of the women think FGM could be stopped through health education. Women who live in the Pusiga district (AOR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.16–2.38), are aged 35–49 (AOR: 4.24; 95% CI: 2.62–6.85), and have no formal education (AOR: 2.78; 95% CI: 1.43–5.43) or primary education (AOR: 2.10; 95% CI: 1.03–4.31) were more likely to be circumcised relative to those who reside in Bawku Municipal, are aged 15–24, and had tertiary education. Likewise, married women (AOR: 3.82; 95% CI: 2.53–5.76) were more likely to have been circumcised compared with unmarried women. At a site-specific level, factors associated with FGM included age and marital status in Bawku, and age, marital status, and women’s education in Pusiga. Conclusion: Female Genital Mutilation is still being practiced in the Bawku Municipality and the Pusiga District of northern Ghana, particularly among women with low socio-economic status. Implementing interventions that would provide health education to communities and promote girl-child education beyond the primary level could help end the practice.SAKEAH EvelynThu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/prevalence-of-fgm-in-northern-ghana-bmc-womens-health-2018/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-update-fgm-in-senegal-2018/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-update-fgm-in-senegal-2018/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-senegal-2018-french/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-senegal-2018-french/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/somaliland-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/somaliland-the-law-and-fgm-2018-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/djibouti-the-law-and-fgm-2018-french/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/djibouti-the-law-and-fgm-2018-french/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/mali-the-law-and-fgm-2018-french/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/mali-the-law-and-fgm-2018-french/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/benin-the-law-and-fgm-2018-french/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/benin-the-law-and-fgm-2018-french/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/niger-the-law-and-fgm-2018-french/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/niger-the-law-and-fgm-2018-french/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/burkina-faso-the-law-and-fgm-2018-french/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/burkina-faso-the-law-and-fgm-2018-french/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/cameroon-the-law-and-fgm-2018-french/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/cameroon-the-law-and-fgm-2018-french/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/chad-the-law-and-fgm-2018-french/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/chad-the-law-and-fgm-2018-french/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/central-african-republic-the-law-and-fgm-2018-french/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/central-african-republic-the-law-and-fgm-2018-french/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/togo-the-law-and-fgm-2018-french/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/togo-the-law-and-fgm-2018-french/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/kenya-the-law-and-fgm-2018-swahili/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/kenya-the-law-and-fgm-2018-swahili/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/cote-divoire-the-law-and-fgm-2018-french/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/cote-divoire-the-law-and-fgm-2018-french/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/guinea-the-law-and-fgm-2018-french/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/guinea-the-law-and-fgm-2018-french/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/senegal-the-law-and-fgm-2018-french/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/senegal-the-law-and-fgm-2018-french/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/ethiopia-the-law-and-fgm-2018-amharic/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/ethiopia-the-law-and-fgm-2018-amharic/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-guinea-2018-french/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-guinea-2018-french/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgm-in-mali-2018-english/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgm-in-mali-2018-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/leadership-and-decision-making-on-fgmc-among-the-maasai-in-kajiado-yes-i-did-2018/The practice of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is widespread among the Maasai community in Kajiado, Kenya. FGM/C is associated with maintaining social status, honouring family values, and controlling female sexuality, among other factors. The practice is perpetuated through traditional beliefs and social norms, with circumcision often occurring in secret. This study aimed to understand the leadership styles and decision-making processes around FGM/C in the Maasai community to inform social change strategies to prevent FGM/C. The study used a qualitative research design to gather information from decision makers around FGM/C and child marriage, girls and boys aged 15-29 years, and key informants from NGOs. The study found that there were no differences in leadership styles and the practice of FGM/C between the two villages studied. The majority of leaders were male, with cultural beliefs and gender norms hindering women from becoming leaders. The study found that the appreciated leadership styles were characterized by a strong sense of equity in distributing resources and with zero tolerance to corruption. Men were the main decision-makers in the household, and traditions were passed through Maasai men via the age-set structure. Most religious leaders were against the practice of FGM/C, but traditional leaders played a more passive role, indirectly encouraging the practice. Mothers have a big role in the execution of FGM/C, as they initiate, organize, and prepare this rite of passage for their daughters. Girls had little say about the execution of FGM/C in their lives, and boys felt they have little influence since they see it as a women’s issue. Despite the law against FGM/C, education, and Christianity contributing to curbing the practice of FGM/C, girls and actors that stand up against FGM/C experienced stigmatization, discrimination, and peer pressure. The study highlights the importance of reinforcing female leadership among the Maasai and intensifying collaboration with traditional leaders within the age-set structures to curb FGM/C. Engaging Maasai men and boys in decision-making processes around FGM/C is also important.GITAU TabitherThu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/leadership-and-decision-making-on-fgmc-among-the-maasai-in-kajiado-yes-i-did-2018/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-mali-2018-french/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-mali-2018-french/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgm-in-mali-2018-french/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgm-in-mali-2018-french/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgm-in-guinea-2018-french/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgm-in-guinea-2018-french/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-tends-by-age-fgm-in-the-gambia-2018/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-tends-by-age-fgm-in-the-gambia-2018/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/guinea-bissau-the-law-and-fgm-2018-protuguese/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/guinea-bissau-the-law-and-fgm-2018-protuguese/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-iraqi-kurdistan-2018-english/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-iraqi-kurdistan-2018-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/chad-the-law-and-fgm-2018-arabic/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/chad-the-law-and-fgm-2018-arabic/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/djibouti-the-law-and-fgm-2018-arabic/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/djibouti-the-law-and-fgm-2018-arabic/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/egypt-the-law-and-fgm-2018-arabic/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/egypt-the-law-and-fgm-2018-arabic/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/mauritania-the-law-and-fgm-2018-arabic/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/mauritania-the-law-and-fgm-2018-arabic/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/tanzania-the-law-and-fgm-2018-swahili/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/tanzania-the-law-and-fgm-2018-swahili/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/somalia-the-law-and-fgm-2018-arabic/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/somalia-the-law-and-fgm-2018-arabic/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/mauritania-the-law-and-fgm-2018-french/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/mauritania-the-law-and-fgm-2018-french/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-iraqi-kurdistan-2018-arabic/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-iraqi-kurdistan-2018-arabic/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/what-lies-beneath-tackling-the-roots-of-religious-resistance-to-ending-child-marriage-girls-not-brides-2018/What Lies Beneath? Tackling the Roots of Religious Resistance to Ending Child Marriage (Girls Not Brides, 2018)Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/what-lies-beneath-tackling-the-roots-of-religious-resistance-to-ending-child-marriage-girls-not-brides-2018/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/evidence-brief-exploring-the-association-between-fgmc-and-earlychild-marriage-ukaid-and-population-council-2018/Evidence Brief: Exploring the Association Between FGM/C and Early/Child Marriage (UKAID and Population Council, 2018)Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/evidence-brief-exploring-the-association-between-fgmc-and-earlychild-marriage-ukaid-and-population-council-2018/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-dagestan-russian-federation/Report based on the results of a qualitative sociological study in the Republic of Dagestan, the Republic of Ingushetia and the Republic of Chechnya (Russian Federation). ANTONOVA Yu. A.Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-dagestan-russian-federation/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/estimation-of-girls-at-risk-of-fgm-in-the-eu-eige-2018/Thu, 19 Apr 2018 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/estimation-of-girls-at-risk-of-fgm-in-the-eu-eige-2018/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/socio-cultural-constraints-facing-girl-child-education-in-mochongoi-division-of-baringo-district-kenya/Female education especially at primary levels is increasingly being realized to provide immense social and economic benefits for the developing countries. However, participation of girls in education is more often constrained in some countries. As a result, gender gap persists in education despite the research evidence that girl’s formal education is the key determinant of women’s involvement in development for the above nations. In Kenya the government is committed to providing education to all its citizens. In spite of commitment girl’s low participation in primary education remain unresolved in some parts of the country. Therefore the concern of this study was to investigate the constraints facing girl-child education in Mochongoi Division of Baringo District. To this end, research questions were developed to gender relevant socio-cultural norms and practices, parental perceptions on girl’s education. The study involved a sample of 130 pupils (50 male, 80 females) 10 head teachers (All male) a total of 64 teachers (30 males 34 females). Data was collected though questionnaires administered to pupils, interviews with parents and head teachers, and focus group discussions held with selected teachers. The data was analyzed both qualitatively using simple descriptive analysis and quantitatively using inferential statistics. The following emerged as the main constraints facing girl’s primary education in the locale of the study; socio–cultural factors including, early marriages, Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) initiation, and poor attitudes towards girls’ education, teenage pregnancies, and domestic responsibilities. It was also found that the government provides equal access to education for boys and girls but their participation differs. Girls are disadvantaged due to the socio-cultural constraints mentioned.GITAHI Rose NyamburaSun, 01 Apr 2018 13:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/socio-cultural-constraints-facing-girl-child-education-in-mochongoi-division-of-baringo-district-kenya/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/adolescent-girls-attitudes-toward-female-genital-mutilation-a-study-in-seven-african-countries/Background: The study’s aim is to examine adolescent girls’ attitudes toward the continuation or discontinuation of female genital mutilation (FGM) in association with their demographics in seven different countries in Africa. Methods: Data from the women’s survey of the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted by the respective ministries (of Health and Family Welfare) in Egypt, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Sierra Leone were used. Adolescent girls (15–19 years) were included in the current analysis: Egypt (N=636), Guinea (N=1994), Kenya (N= 1767), Mali (N=2791), Niger (N=1835), Senegal (N=3604), Sierra Leone (N=1237). Results: Prevalence of supporting the continuation of FGM among adolescent girls was in Egypt 58%, Guinea 63%, Kenya 16%, Mali 72%, Niger 3%, Senegal 23%, and Sierra Leone 52%. Being Muslim and having low economic status were significantly associated with supporting the continuation of FGM in five of the participating countries. Girls having no education or only primary education in Guinea, Kenya, Mali and Sierra Leone exhibited a higher likelihood of supporting FGM than girls with secondary or higher education. In Egypt, Niger and Senegal there was no association between education and supporting FGM. The girls who stated that they had no exposure to media showed the higher likelihood of supporting FGM in Guinea, Kenya, and Senegal than those with exposure to media. Conclusions: The current study argues that increasing media coverage and education, and reducing poverty are of importance for shifting adolescent girls’ attitudes in favor of discontinuation of FGM.DALAL KoustuvTue, 20 Mar 2018 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/adolescent-girls-attitudes-toward-female-genital-mutilation-a-study-in-seven-african-countries/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/neonatal-outcomes-of-female-genital-mutilation-cutting-fgmc-in-the-gambia-results-from-a-multicentre-prospective-observational-study/Aims Prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) among women in The Gambia is 76.3%. FGM/C was banned in 2015, but there is fear that it may be driven underground. This study aimed to provide national data on healthcare outcomes (previously lacking) to support advocacy and health education. Methods A multicentre prospective observational study carried out across 4 healthcare facilities in the Gambia between May and September 2016. Inclusion criteria: Consenting women aged 18 and over presenting in early labour (singleton foetus) with or without FGM/C Data collection: Demographics, type of FGM/C (WHO classification) and outcomes of labour. Neonatal outcomes: Perinatal death, neonatal resuscitation, low-birth-weight (table 1 and 2). Results 1569 women were recruited. Mean age was 26.5 and parity 2.1. 77% had FGM/C. Abstract G261 Table 1 Risk of perinatal death FGM/C Cases/population Percentage Adjusted relative risk (95% CI ) * None 7/361 1.9 1.0 Type I 13/372 3.5 1.9 (0.7-4.6) Type II 33/704 4.7 2.5 (1.1-5.7) Type III/IV 3/132 2.3 1.3 (0.3-5.1) *p=0.11 Abstract G261 Table 2 Need for neonatal resuscitation FGM/C Cases/population Percentage Adjusted relative risk (95% CI )* None 31/361 8.6 1.0 Type I 50/372 13.4 1.9 (1.2-3.2) Type II 121/704 17.2 2.5 (1.6-4.0) Type III/IV 38/132 28.8 3.9 (2.4-6.5) *p<0.001 There was no association between FGM/C and low-birth-weight babies observed in this study. Conclusion A statistically significant increased risk of perinatal death was observed with type II FGM/C. The study may be underpowered to demonstrate increased risk across all types of FGM/C. Increased risk of need for neonatal resuscitation was observed in all forms of FGM/C. These results are in keeping with those from other African countries and, it is hoped, will be useful in the advocacy and sensitisation needed to end this practice IDOKO PatrickThu, 01 Mar 2018 14:40:57 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/neonatal-outcomes-of-female-genital-mutilation-cutting-fgmc-in-the-gambia-results-from-a-multicentre-prospective-observational-study/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilation-in-sudan/BACKGROUND: Female genital mutilation or female circumcision (FGM) is a serious health problem in Sudan. This procedure is harmful to women and causes many complications during pregnancy and childbirth. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine the female genital mutilation (FGM) and its associated factors in Sudan. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Data from Sudan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS - UNICEF) was used in this research. The survey was carried out in 2014 and included women aged between 14 – 49 years. A logistic regression model was used to find an association between dependent and independent variables. RESULT: Total numbers of 21947 women were included in the survey and out of the 6249 (28.5 %) from urban and 15698 (71.5%) from rural areas. The prevalence of female circumcision was 89%. Women who had circumcised daughters were 32.1 %. The highest prevalence of FGM was reported from South Kordofan state with 7.8%, and lowest was in Red Sea state (7.6%). A significant association was observed between circumcised women and their marital status, daughter circumcision, and the level of education. CONCLUSION: The practice of female genital mutilation is spread all over the country. Poor women with low level of education are at high risk for this phenomenon. More efforts have to be provided to end this dangerous practice.ELDUMA Adel HusseinThu, 15 Feb 2018 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilation-in-sudan/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/women-exercising-sexual-agency-in-indonesia/This paper examines the sexual agency exercised by married Muslim women in Bandung, Indonesia, in their marital relationships. Dominant discourses teach that women should obey their husbands, and most women believe that they should serve their husbands sexually whenever required. Sex is a taboo subject and women should not discuss sex or initiate sex. Their sexual desire is not acknowledged. However, in-depth interviews with 42 married women, and some husbands, found that a few exceptional women managed to challenge or negotiate around these dominant discourses. The paper examines their exercise of agency with regard to the initiation of sex, positions and practices that they prefer, their ability to say no to sex, ways to avoid having sex and their demand for mutual pleasure in sex.RIYANI IrmaMon, 08 Jan 2018 22:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/women-exercising-sexual-agency-in-indonesia/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/exploring-the-association-between-female-genital-mutilation-cutting-and-earlychild-marriage/Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) has been frequently linked to marriageability and is thought to be related to the marriage of girls younger than age 18, known as early/child marriage. These practices threaten the health of girls and women in sub-Saharan Africa, their development, and quality of life. Few rigorous studies exist that can clarify the relationship between these two practices. More such research is needed to inform policymaking and initiatives aimed at ending FGM/C and early/child marriage, both targets of the global Sustainable Development Goals.Mon, 08 Jan 2018 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/exploring-the-association-between-female-genital-mutilation-cutting-and-earlychild-marriage/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilationcutting-and-the-occurrences-of-birth-complications-among-women-of-reproductive-age-in-gewane-woreda-afar-regional-state-ethiopia/AbstractFemale genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), one of the most deeply rooted, harmful traditional practices, is still highly prevalent in many African countries, including Ethiopia. The reproductive health complications of FGM/C include acute hemorrhage, painful sexual life, the inability-to-conceive, fistula, and death secondary to birth complications. This study was aimed to assess the magnitude, associated factors and birth outcomes of FGM/C among women of reproductive age groups (15-49 years) in Gewane, Woreda from July 4 to 17, 2016. A population-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted using quantitative data collection methods. A sample of 792 women who ever gave birth was selected using systematic random methods. Data was collected using pretested questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS Version 21. Chi-square and logistic regression models were used to analyze and find the associations between the study variables. The prevalence of FGM/C among childbearing women was 90.8%. Infibulations (WHO Type III) was the predominantly (86.1%) practiced type of FGM/C. Higher age (AOR, 11.56; 95% CI: 2.56, 48.39), Afar Ethnic group (AOR, 4.55; 95% CI: 1.95-10.61), literate (AOR, 0.35; 95% CI: 0.15, 0.81) were factors significantly associated with FGM/C. A statistically significant association (P<0.05) was found between FGM/C and perineal lacerations, episiotomy, postpartum complications, postpartum hemorrhage, wound infection, and stillbirth. FGM/C was highly prevalent in the study area. Infibulation, WHO Type III was the most severe form of FGM/C widely practiced. Age, ethnicity and literacy were associated with FGM/C. Women with Type III FGM/C was at higher risk of having birth and postpartum complications. Education, culturally sound community awareness raising programs, and enforcing legislation are recommended to reduce the adverse outcomes associated with FGM/C.CHULUKO Bayush GizachewFri, 05 Jan 2018 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilationcutting-and-the-occurrences-of-birth-complications-among-women-of-reproductive-age-in-gewane-woreda-afar-regional-state-ethiopia/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/understanding-medicalisation-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-fgmc-a-qualitative-study-of-parents-and-health-workers-in-nigeria/Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) comprises all procedures that involve partial or complete removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons (WHO 2016). FGM/C is classified into four types (I, II, III, IV) that vary by the anatomical extent of cutting and amount of genital tissue removed. FGM/C has no health benefits but, instead, leads to a myriad of life-threatening and life-worsening complications. The practice is recognised internationally as a violation of the rights of women and girls and reflects ingrained gender inequality. It is estimated that more than 200 million girls and women alive today have undergone FGM/C in 30 countries in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, where FGM/C is mostly found (UNICEF 2016). Two-thirds of all girls who have undergone FGM/C are from four countries: Egypt, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and Sudan (Shell-Duncan, Naik, Feldman-Jacobs 2015). FGM/C is widespread in Nigeria. According to the 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), overall FGM/C prevalence in Nigeria is 25 percent among women ages 15 to 49 years old (NPC and ICF 2014). Over half (62%) of cut women reported FGM/C types I or II. Despite the local and international call to abandon the practice, there is evidence that some Nigerian families, instead of abandoning the practice outright, are opting for medicalised forms. Medicalisation of FGM/C involves the use of health care providers—doctors, nurses/midwives, or other health professionals— to perform the practice either at facilities or at home; it also includes the procedure of reinfibulation at any point in a woman’s life (WHO 2010). Although medicalisation is presumed to reduce the risk of complications, it does not eliminate them and does not alter the fact that FGM/C is a violation of women’s and girls’ rights to life, health, and bodily integrity. Medicalisation accounts for 12.7 percent of FGM/C practice in Nigeria (NPC and ICF 2014). There is minimal information on medicalisation in Nigeria beyond the prevalence rates available in the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS). Additionally, there is limited understanding of how medicalisation has evolved or is evolving in Nigeria especially as it relates to the prospect of abandonment. The context of decision-making and rationale around medicalisation for families and health workers and the effect of medicalisation on the severity of cutting is also poorly understood. This community-based, cross-sectional qualitative study, which was conducted in four communities in Nigeria’s Delta, Ekiti, Imo, and Kaduna states, was conceptualized to address these gaps in our understanding of medicalisation and to provide critical evidence needed to effectively design abandonment interventions. These states were selected because of their relatively high prevalence of FGM/C and medicalisation of FGM/C, according to data from the Nigeria DHS 2013 (NPC and ICF 2014). These states are also located in the four geopolitical zones (South West—Ekiti; South East—Imo; South South—Delta; North West—Kaduna) of Nigeria, with the highest prevalence of FGM/C practice. In-depth interviews (IDIs) were conducted with parents of girls who had undergone FGM/C by traditional cutters and health workers and health workers who perform, or have performed, FGM/C. The study findings reveal that the social norms driving FGM/C practice remain entrenched despite a shift to medicalisation. They also reflect the tendency of parents and health workers to view FGM/C, whether traditional or medicalised, as a minor procedure with few complications and significant benefits that would positively impact a daughter’s future status as a wife and mother. Minimal public discussion of FGM/C, early age at cutting, the type of FGM/C practiced (Type I, clitoridectomy), limited knowledge of the extent of the procedure and its complications likely contribute to this perception of FGM/C as a benign and valuable practice. With respect to decisionmaking, parents made FGM/C decisions, with the male household head having the final say despite being removed from the mechanics and healing process.Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) comprises all procedures that involve partial or complete removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons (WHO 2016). FGM/C is classified into four types (I, II, III, IV) that vary by the anatomical extent of cutting and amount of genital tissue removed. FGM/C has no health benefits but, instead, leads to a myriad of life-threatening and life-worsening complications. The practice is recognised internationally as a violation of the rights of women and girls and reflects ingrained gender inequality. It is estimated that more than 200 million girls and women alive today have undergone FGM/C in 30 countries in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, where FGM/C is mostly found (UNICEF 2016). Two-thirds of all girls who have undergone FGM/C are from four countries: Egypt, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and Sudan (Shell-Duncan, Naik, Feldman-Jacobs 2015). FGM/C is widespread in Nigeria. According to the 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), overall FGM/C prevalence in Nigeria is 25 percent among women ages 15 to 49 years old (NPC and ICF 2014). Over half (62%) of cut women reported FGM/C types I or II. Despite the local and international call to abandon the practice, there is evidence that some Nigerian families, instead of abandoning the practice outright, are opting for medicalised forms. Medicalisation of FGM/C involves the use of health care providers—doctors, nurses/midwives, or other health professionals— to perform the practice either at facilities or at home; it also includes the procedure of reinfibulation at any point in a woman’s life (WHO 2010). Although medicalisation is presumed to reduce the risk of complications, it does not eliminate them and does not alter the fact that FGM/C is a violation of women’s and girls’ rights to life, health, and bodily integrity. Medicalisation accounts for 12.7 percent of FGM/C practice in Nigeria (NPC and ICF 2014). There is minimal information on medicalisation in Nigeria beyond the prevalence rates available in the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS). Additionally, there is limited understanding of how medicalisation has evolved or is evolving in Nigeria especially as it relates to the prospect of abandonment. The context of decision-making and rationale around medicalisation for families and health workers and the effect of medicalisation on the severity of cutting is also poorly understood. This community-based, cross-sectional qualitative study, which was conducted in four communities in Nigeria’s Delta, Ekiti, Imo, and Kaduna states, was conceptualized to address these gaps in our understanding of medicalisation and to provide critical evidence needed to effectively design abandonment interventions. These states were selected because of their relatively high prevalence of FGM/C and medicalisation of FGM/C, according to data from the Nigeria DHS 2013 (NPC and ICF 2014). These states are also located in the four geopolitical zones (South West—Ekiti; South East—Imo; South South—Delta; North West—Kaduna) of Nigeria, with the highest prevalence of FGM/C practice. In-depth interviews (IDIs) were conducted with parents of girls who had undergone FGM/C by traditional cutters and health workers and health workers who perform, or have performed, FGM/C. The study findings reveal that the social norms driving FGM/C practice remain entrenched despite a shift to medicalisation. They also reflect the tendency of parents and health workers to view FGM/C, whether traditional or medicalised, as a minor procedure with few complications and significant benefits that would positively impact a daughter’s future status as a wife and mother. Minimal public discussion of FGM/C, early age at cutting, the type of FGM/C practiced (Type I, clitoridectomy), limited knowledge of the extent of the procedure and its complications likely contribute to this perception of FGM/C as a benign and valuable practice. With respect to decisionmaking, parents made FGM/C decisions, with the male household head having the final say despite being removed from the mechanics and healing process.OBIANWU OtibhoMon, 01 Jan 2018 22:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/understanding-medicalisation-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-fgmc-a-qualitative-study-of-parents-and-health-workers-in-nigeria/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-clitoral-hood-a-contested-site-khafd-or-female-genital-mutilationcutting-fgmc-in-india/IntroductionFemale Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) amongst Bohras in India has gained systematic public attention since 2012. The issue first rose to prominence because of two international legal cases on FGM/C against practicing Bohras in Australia and the US. We have since seen the rise of a strong survivor-led movement calling for an end to the practice of Khafd amongst Bohras. This anti-FGM/C movement seeks to end the practice through legal reform in India and by raising community awareness about the impact of the harmful traditional practice. Very few national-level field research studies have been published to understand the practice of Khafd in India. Supporters of Khafd often cite the ‘lack of evidence’ about the impact of FGM/C in India as a justification that it is not harmful and therefore should be continued. The Government of India too has used the lack of ‘official data’ to shirk its responsibility to address or even acknowledge the existence of FGM/C in India. The current study contributes to the small body of existing research studies on FGM/C in India. It not only builds evidence of the existence of the practice in India today, but also seeks to document survivors’ experiences of the harmful impacts of Khafd as practiced by Bohras.ANANTNARAYAN LakshmiMon, 01 Jan 2018 22:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-clitoral-hood-a-contested-site-khafd-or-female-genital-mutilationcutting-fgmc-in-india/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-complexities-of-female-genital-cutting-in-singapore/ABSTRACTFemale genital cutting (FGC) is prevalent amongst the Singaporean Malay community. While FGC is well researched in the East African and Middle East regions, there has been comparatively little academic attention on this practice in Southeast Asia. This capstone explores the reasons for FGC in Singapore. It begins by contextualising FGC in Singapore, in terms of the small amount of skin removed, FGC’s medicalization in recent years, its hiddenness, and its political implications. Based on interviews with twenty interlocutors of varying demographics, I argue that the reasons behind the practice of FGC in Singapore are complex and multifactorial, and include notions of cleanliness, religion, tradition, control of female sexuality within patriarchy, and child rights and consent. In recent years, there has been increasing critical discourse on FGC in Singapore, which has reduced the prevalence of this practice. Nonetheless, it is important for the Malay community to have clarity from religious and health authorities as to their stances on FGC.FARADILLA, SazaMon, 01 Jan 2018 22:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-complexities-of-female-genital-cutting-in-singapore/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilation-prevalence-and-perception-of-patients-in-south-east-nigeria/Abakaliki, South-East a of [7] study that it occurred in 48.5% of pregnant antenatal clinics. [8] A study a prevalence of 34%, indicating a downward trend. [9] The wide acceptance of the practice is anchored on reasons that across religious to socio-cultural explanations. of the need to conform to societal norms, gender identity, acceptability for marriage, social acceptance, preservation of virginity, suppression of sexual desires, deep cultural inclinations fulfillment of religious recommendations. Studies have shown that despite wide condemnation of FGM, the practice has continued. [7,11] Any attempt at eradication must involve identification of the issues sustaining the practice. [8] This study was carried out to document the prevalence of female genital cutting among women seeking care at the National Obstetric Fistula ABSTRACT Context: Female genital mutilation (FGM) is characterized by serious medical and psychosocial problems. Despite the consequences and widespread condemnation, the practice has continued to thrive. Objective: This study was carried out to document the prevalence of FGM among women seeking care at the National Obstetric Fistula Centre, Abakaliki, Nigeria and their perceptions about the practice. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study carried out among 412 women who had surgery at the National Obstetric Fistula Centre, Abakaliki. Information on sociodemographic characteristics, history of circumcision, time of circumcision and opinion about circumcision was obtained from the women. The information was transferred into a proforma. Data was analysed using the SPSS version 21and presented in tables. RESULTS: A total of 412 women were studied. The mean age of the women was 51.8+10.3 years. About one-third of the women were aged 50-59 years while 81.3% were grandmultiparous. About 90% of the women were farmers and 50% were married. One hundred and thirty-seven (33.3%) were sexually active and 300 (72.8%) had stopped menstruating. Majority (91.5%) were circumcised. Over half (54.4%) were circumcised in childhood, 29.9% in adolescence, 10.9% before marriage and 4.9% after marriage. Most of them (78.6%) believed the practice was bad and 88.3% desired it should be stopped. Conclusion: FGM is still common in our environment. Over half of the procedures are done in childhood. Majority of the women affected believe the practice is bad and should be stopped. Education at all levels is needed to eradicate it.DANIYAN Adebayo Babafemi CharlesMon, 01 Jan 2018 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilation-prevalence-and-perception-of-patients-in-south-east-nigeria/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/what-factors-influence-the-persistence-of-female-genital-mutilation-in-nigeria-a-systematic-review/Background: Female Genital Mutilation is the excision of any part of the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 200 million girls and women have been mutilated around the world. This practise is strongly tied to different cultural traditions. FGM has called for international recognition due to its violation of human rights. Over the past decades, there have been deliberations by researchers concerning the practice of FGM. Some have tried to understand the perception behind the practise of FGM from a Cultural Relativism aspect while others perceive it from an Ethical Relativism perspective. The Nigeria Demographic Health Survey, estimated that the prevalence rate of FGM was 24.8% in 2013. Despite the interventions in place, there is still a persistence of FGM in Nigeria. Objectives: 1) To Identify various contextual factors attributing to the persistence of FGM in Nigeria. 2) To recognise how these factors affect the Anti-FGM interventions in Nigeria. 3) To examine the attitudes and perception of the victims and other Nigerians towards FGM. Data Sources: Medline, PubMed, Google scholar, CINAHL, Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus and Cochrane. Review methodology: A Systematic Review was used to carry out this research. It was used because of its ability to include both quantitative and qualitative studies, and due to its hierarchy of evidence. A narrative analysis was equally used to describe the studies which were included in this review. Results: Three studies had similar findings concerning the practice of FGM in Nigeria which includes traditions, easing of childbirth and better marriage prospect, while 3 other studies concluded that FGM prevents sexual promiscuity. On the other hand, the remaining 3 studies had a different findings which was either religion, lack of awareness of the bans towards FGM and the sociodemographic and economic factors. Conclusion: The ban that has been placed against FGM is just one aspect pointing Nigeria towards the right direction, however, Interventions need to be established which should include the local community and their leaders to effect a change. More primary research needs to be conducted in various states in Nigeria to understand the impact and progress of this law. Innovative ways of engaging a greater proportion of the affected population are also necessary.CHIDERA EmeordiMon, 01 Jan 2018 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/what-factors-influence-the-persistence-of-female-genital-mutilation-in-nigeria-a-systematic-review/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilation-opinion-of-outpatients-of-a-department-of-obstetrics-and-gynaecology-in-north-central-nigeria/Background: Female genital mutilation is known to exist especially in developing countries like Nigeria. This study aimed to determine women's views on aspects of female genital mutilation, types of female genital mutilation, reason for and attitude towards female genital mutilation. Method: A Pretested questionnaire was administered to women attending the antenatal clinic in Jos University Teaching Hospital from October 2013 to February 2014. The data obtained were analysed using SPSS version 20 Result: The prevalence of FGM from this study was 21.9%. In total, 429 respondents (97.9%) reported the existence of FGM at the time of the interview. Majority of respondents [(283) 66.0%] said that the clitoris was the main part removed. The main reason given for genital cutting was to prevent sexual promiscuity in sexual practice, and was the response of one hundred and thirty two (30.8%) of the women, while thirty five (8.2%) women responded that it was done to preserve virginity. Three hundred and eighty four(89.5%) were aware of the campaign against female genital mutilation and two hundred and ninetyeight (69.5%) were in support of the legislation against FGM. Seventy nine(18.4%) were not in support of the legislation out of which nineteen (24.1%) feel that to stop is to interfere with the norm. Conclusion: Female genital cutting/mutilation is still practiced in our environment and some of the women knew the negative reproductive health consequences of FGM and had experienced them during sexual intercourse and childbirth. However, with regard to stopping FGM, majority had not taken any steps towards stopping the practice. There should be public enlightenment about the dangers of FGM and policies against this harmful practice should be enforced.EGBODO O.Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilation-opinion-of-outpatients-of-a-department-of-obstetrics-and-gynaecology-in-north-central-nigeria/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/changes-in-fgm-c-in-somaliland-medical-narrative-driving-shift-in-types-of-cutting/While the majority of affected countries have adopted legal frameworks prohibiting female genital mutilation / cutting (FGM / C) these measures have been varyingly effective in preventing the practice or significantly accelerating its total abandonment. One possible reason is the inadequacy of the theoretical paradigms framing FGM / C interventions that neglect the collectively held social norms underpinning the practice’s continuation. Social norms theory contends the perpetuation of harmful practices (such as FGM / C) and the creation of beneficial new ones may be attributable to social motivations involving an entire community’s beliefs and actions rather than simply those of individuals and their families. In Africa where focus is growing on social norms as a theoretical underpinning for preventative interventions FGM / C is most common in the western eastern and northeastern countries. In Somalia FGM / C prevalence is nearly universal at 98 percent. Despite calls for rigorous research on FGM / C abandonment for the Sustainable Development Goals there is limited peer-reviewed literature with primary data on FGM / C for Somalia and Somaliland. This qualitative study therefore sought to explore: 1. Views and experiences of married and unmarried men and women on FGM / C and potential changes in its practice (in terms of age cut severity and medicalisation); 2. Individual family and societal factors contributing to any changes or continuation of FGM / C; 3. The knowledge views and experiences of health care workers who offer FGM / C services (including corrective services as well as potentially medicalised versions) and their role as change agents rather than providers and; 4. How health care systems’ capacities can be strengthened for management and prevention.POWELL Richard A.Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/changes-in-fgm-c-in-somaliland-medical-narrative-driving-shift-in-types-of-cutting/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilation-and-its-effect-in-public-primary-schools-participation-by-the-girl-child-a-study-of-samburu-county-kenya/This study aimed at establishing the influence of FGM on public primary schools in Wamba Ward Samburu East sub county of Samburu County. The specific objectives were to establish the influence of FGM on girls performance,absenteesim, dropout rate and early marriages. The researcher employed the Liberal Feminism theory which focuses on analysing gender inequality and how girls miss opportunities through education. A detailed description of research design was used (survey), target population, sample size, frame and sampling procedure, reliability, validity, data collection, analysis techniques and ethical considerations of the study have been given in the project. Questionnaires, interview and direct observations by the researcher were used to collect data. The study involved 96 girls and 10 head teachers as the respondents who were obtained through the use of double simple random sampling. The data was analyzed using SPSS. The study findings revealed poor enrollment and completion rates.NJOGU Gladys NyamburaMon, 01 Jan 2018 14:15:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-genital-mutilation-and-its-effect-in-public-primary-schools-participation-by-the-girl-child-a-study-of-samburu-county-kenya/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/muslim-family-laws-musawah/Tue, 25 Apr 2017 09:54:04 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/muslim-family-laws-musawah/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/sugar-coating-fgm-in-un-documents-yasmin-raafat-2017/ I started reading more about FGM in Arabic and English and noticed that books use different terms in English and Arabic. The terms are never consistent and the literature is confusing. Further research on the UN campaigns and the terms used in English were always different to Arabic. There are even cases where the UN uses ‘‘mutilation’’ in English and ‘‘purification’’ in Arabic. There are others terms too, “circumcision”, “excision”, “cutting”, “damaging”. Every term has its own political, religious and social connotation. There is a need for this to be explored. I have translated and interpreted for various organisations such as the United Nations, UNICEF, Pan African Parliament, universities and ministries across Africa. However, I am just one of the many new voices who are speaking out against FGM. My aim is to have ‘‘female genital mutilation” as adopted by the UN and its agencies and for this term to be the one and only term used in all publications, while using the equivalent term in Arabic "Batr al Aadaa al Tansolya lel ontha". The Arabic term has the same gravity and connotation as the English term. The UN has meetings on regular bases then publishes documents in English to be translated into the UN official languages on annual basis. Every year the UN releases between thirty and sixty publications. The research data will focus on the UN publications from the UN online library in English and Arabic, for the past twenty years since the adoption of the English term “Female Genital Mutilation”. RAAFAT YasminSun, 23 Apr 2017 08:08:45 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/sugar-coating-fgm-in-un-documents-yasmin-raafat-2017/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/how-to-transform-a-social-norm-unjp-2017-english/Sun, 23 Apr 2017 06:42:15 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/how-to-transform-a-social-norm-unjp-2017-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/stories-without-an-ending-grandmother-project-2017/Sun, 23 Apr 2017 06:40:28 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/stories-without-an-ending-grandmother-project-2017/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/cedaw-and-muslim-family-laws-musawah-2017/Fri, 21 Apr 2017 10:36:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/cedaw-and-muslim-family-laws-musawah-2017/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/no-more-harmful-traditional-practices-working-effectively-with-faith-leaders-tearfund-2017/Fri, 21 Apr 2017 09:52:26 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/no-more-harmful-traditional-practices-working-effectively-with-faith-leaders-tearfund-2017/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/women-and-religious-freedom-us-commission-on-international-religious-freedom-2017/Fri, 21 Apr 2017 09:50:10 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/women-and-religious-freedom-us-commission-on-international-religious-freedom-2017/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-medicalization-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-what-do-the-data-reveal-ukaid-population-council-2017/Thu, 20 Apr 2017 17:42:30 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-medicalization-of-female-genital-mutilationcutting-what-do-the-data-reveal-ukaid-population-council-2017/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-update-fgm-in-kenya-2017/Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-update-fgm-in-kenya-2017/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/presentation-fgm-in-kenya-2017-english/Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/presentation-fgm-in-kenya-2017-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-fgm-in-egypt-2017/Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-fgm-in-egypt-2017/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-egypt-2017-english/Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-egypt-2017-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-egypt-2017-arabic/Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-egypt-2017-arabic/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-fgm-in-egypt-2017-english/Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-fgm-in-egypt-2017-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgm-in-egypt-2017/Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgm-in-egypt-2017/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-graph-fgm-in-nigeria-2016-17/Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-graph-fgm-in-nigeria-2016-17/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-togo-2017-english/Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-togo-2017-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-graph-fgm-in-togo-2017/Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-graph-fgm-in-togo-2017/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/presentation-fgm-in-egypt-2017-english/Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/presentation-fgm-in-egypt-2017-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/presentation-fgm-in-egypt-2017-arabic/Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/presentation-fgm-in-egypt-2017-arabic/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-fgm-in-eritrea-2017/Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-fgm-in-eritrea-2017/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-eritrea-2017-english/Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-eritrea-2017-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-fgm-in-eritrea-2017-english/Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-fgm-in-eritrea-2017-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/presentation-fgm-in-eritrea-2017-english/Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/presentation-fgm-in-eritrea-2017-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-update-key-findings-2017-swahili/Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-update-key-findings-2017-swahili/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/presentation-fgm-in-kenya-2017-swahili/Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/presentation-fgm-in-kenya-2017-swahili/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/presentation-fgm-in-eritrea-2017-arabic/Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/presentation-fgm-in-eritrea-2017-arabic/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-eritrea-2017-arabic/Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-eritrea-2017-arabic/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-fgm-in-egypt-2017-arabic/Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-fgm-in-egypt-2017-arabic/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-fgm-in-eritrea-2017-arabic/Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-fgm-in-eritrea-2017-arabic/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-update-executive-summary-2017-swahili/Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-update-executive-summary-2017-swahili/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-fgm-and-child-marriage-among-selected-communities-in-kenya-2017/The report provides an in-depth analysis of the prevalence, trends, and attitudes towards female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) and child marriage in Kenya. The report presents the findings of a baseline study conducted in 2017, aimed at identifying the drivers and factors that perpetuate these harmful practices. The study found that FGM/C and child marriage are deeply entrenched practices in Kenya, affecting millions of girls and women. Despite the existence of laws and policies aimed at curbing these practices, their prevalence remains high, with 21% of girls aged 15-19 having undergone FGM/C and 23% of girls aged 15-19 being married or in union. The report highlights the complex interplay of factors that contribute to the persistence of FGM/C and child marriage in Kenya, including socio-cultural norms, poverty, inadequate education, and limited access to health services. The study also identifies a range of interventions that have been effective in addressing these issues, including community mobilization, advocacy, education, and alternative rites of passage. The report concludes that while progress has been made in reducing the prevalence of FGM/C and child marriage in Kenya, much more needs to be done to eliminate these harmful practices. The authors call for a multi-sectoral approach that involves government, civil society, religious leaders, and communities in efforts to address the underlying causes of these practices and promote the rights and well-being of girls and women in Kenya.Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-fgm-and-child-marriage-among-selected-communities-in-kenya-2017/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-togo-2017-french/Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-togo-2017-french/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/a-survey-on-knowledge-attitudes-and-practice-among-households-in-the-iraqi-kurdistan-region-unicef/The report is centered on the initial KAP investigation of FGM conducted in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KR-I), which also happens to be the first KAP survey of its kind in the Middle East-North Africa region. It offers a new and significant outlook on FGM by aiming to identify and describe the hindrances to eliminating FGM in KR-I. This information will help shape the design of interventions that can effectively tackle these obstacles. The study was based on a survey of 827 households situated in Erbil and Sulaimaniyah governorates, including Garmyan sub-district.Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/a-survey-on-knowledge-attitudes-and-practice-among-households-in-the-iraqi-kurdistan-region-unicef/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/exploring-the-association-between-fgm-and-earlychild-marriage-ukaid-population-council-2017/Exploring the Association Between FGM and Early/Child Marriage (UKAID, Population Council, 2017)Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/exploring-the-association-between-fgm-and-earlychild-marriage-ukaid-population-council-2017/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/understanding-fgc-in-the-dawoodi-bohras-community-sahiyo/Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/understanding-fgc-in-the-dawoodi-bohras-community-sahiyo/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/a-guide-to-eliminating-the-practice-of-fgm-in-india-lawyers-collective/Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/a-guide-to-eliminating-the-practice-of-fgm-in-india-lawyers-collective/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/understanding-female-genital-cutting-in-the-dawoodi-bohra-community-an-exploratory-survey/AbstractFemale Genital Cutting or FGC (also known as female genital mutilation and female circumcision) comprises all procedures that involve the partial or total removal of external genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for cultural, religious, traditional and other non-medical reasons. FGC is primarily known to be practiced in sub-Saharan African countries, but its prevalence is found globally, including within Asian and Asian diaspora communities. Currently, little to no representative data has been collected on the practice within these communities. This study attempts to understand the views, beliefs and rationales of the practice held by women belonging to the Dawoodi Bohra community to enable policymakers, donors, program developers, health professionals, and other key stakeholders to have a clearer insight into ending this human rights violation.The Dawoodi Bohras are a sub-sect of Ismaili Shia Islam, whose administrative headquarters are located in Mumbai, India. The majority of Dawoodi Bohras reside in India and Pakistan, but over the last few decades there has been a rapid and significant migration of Dawoodi Bohras to the Middle East, East Africa, Europe, North America, Australia, and other parts of Asia. Three hundred and eighty-five women, affiliated with the Dawoodi Bohra community, living in the above mentioned disparate geographic locations, participated in this study by filling out an online survey. Findings indicated that 80% of the survey respondents had undergone FGC, and that various rationales were given for the continuation of FGC, including for 1) Religious purposes (56%), 2) To decrease sexual arousal (45%), 3) To maintain traditions and customs (42%), and 4) Physical hygiene and cleanliness (27%).Regardless of the justifications given by the Dawoodi Bohra community, the findings demonstrate that FGC is deeply rooted in the community’s culture. Understanding the complex social norms and cultural value systems that shape the meaning and significance of the practice within this community is critical to the work of anti-FGC advocates. On a constructive note, despite the high prevalence of FGC within the survey participant population, 82% stated they would not continue FGC on their daughter(s), indicating a window for change and abandonment of FGC among future generations of Dawoodi Bohras.TAHER MariyaWed, 01 Feb 2017 22:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/understanding-female-genital-cutting-in-the-dawoodi-bohra-community-an-exploratory-survey/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/this-is-not-my-fatherland-female-genital-mutilation-in-the-context-of-migration-narratives-of-nigerian-women-asylum-seekers/AbstractThis paper presents the results of a qualitative research study conducted with nine women asylum seekers from southern Nigeria and residents of the city of Perugia who have undergone the practice of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (The common acronym is FGM/C) in Nigeria. The survey explores the migratory and life experiences of these women, and how they live while managing their migratory identities, in order to understand how the migration process affects the system of opinions, attitudes and meanings related to FMG/C as experienced by Nigerian women who were interviewed using a transnational perspective and a gender-sensitive approach.FARACA AnnagraziaFri, 02 Dec 2016 22:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/this-is-not-my-fatherland-female-genital-mutilation-in-the-context-of-migration-narratives-of-nigerian-women-asylum-seekers/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/women-who-study-in-madrasah-school-experienced-higher-number-of-female-circumcision-compared-to-western-or-english-schools/ABSTRACTFemale circumcision refers to the procedures that intentionally alter or cause injury to the female external genital organs. The reasons for doing this vary but it is commonly observed in places where Muslims predominate. The study is intended to determine: 1) the rate of females who had undergone female circumcision in Madrasah School compared to those who went to English schools, 2) the prevalence rate of female circumcision among Meranaos, and 3) the practices and experiences of women who have undergone FC. The study utilized a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods using a designed questionnaire, interview and focus group discussions with the respondents. The results showed that more girls who were studying in Madrasah have undergone this practice compared to the number of girls who are in Western or English schools. It also showed that the prevalence rate of this practice is indeed high in the rural areas, which is 86%. The practice of FC is performed either during Fridays, Holidays or Mondays and Thursdays. Each mentioned day has meanings and there are certain procedures and instructions being followed in doing the practice. In conclusion, religious justification remains the strong reason why FC is still rampantly performed in the different rural areas of Lanao del Sur, Philippines.MANALOCON-BASHER Salmah LaoWed, 01 Jun 2016 21:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/women-who-study-in-madrasah-school-experienced-higher-number-of-female-circumcision-compared-to-western-or-english-schools/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/abandoning-female-genital-mutilationcutting-guidelines-for-parliamentarians-awepa-2016/Mon, 25 Apr 2016 11:44:46 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/abandoning-female-genital-mutilationcutting-guidelines-for-parliamentarians-awepa-2016/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-a-quick-guide-for-media-aidos-2016/Sun, 24 Apr 2016 14:10:00 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-a-quick-guide-for-media-aidos-2016/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/a-state-of-the-art-synthesis-on-fgm-ukaid-population-council-2016/Sun, 24 Apr 2016 14:08:02 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/a-state-of-the-art-synthesis-on-fgm-ukaid-population-council-2016/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-a-global-concern-unicef-2016/Sun, 24 Apr 2016 13:28:48 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-a-global-concern-unicef-2016/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/grandmother-leaders-a-resource-to-improve-the-lives-of-adolescent-girls-grandmother-project-2016/Sat, 23 Apr 2016 06:45:44 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/grandmother-leaders-a-resource-to-improve-the-lives-of-adolescent-girls-grandmother-project-2016/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/shariah-fiqh-and-state-laws-musawah/Thu, 21 Apr 2016 10:34:21 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/shariah-fiqh-and-state-laws-musawah/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-messages-from-islam-christianity-on-protecting-children-from-violence-and-harmful-practices-al-azhar-bless-unicef-2016/Thu, 21 Apr 2016 09:59:22 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-messages-from-islam-christianity-on-protecting-children-from-violence-and-harmful-practices-al-azhar-bless-unicef-2016/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-christian-perspective-on-protecting-children-from-violence-and-harmful-practices-bless-unicef-2016/Thu, 21 Apr 2016 09:57:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-christian-perspective-on-protecting-children-from-violence-and-harmful-practices-bless-unicef-2016/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-islamic-perspective-on-protecting-children-from-violence-and-harmful-practices-iicpsr-unicef-2016/Thu, 21 Apr 2016 09:56:10 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-islamic-perspective-on-protecting-children-from-violence-and-harmful-practices-iicpsr-unicef-2016/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/one-cut-too-many-policy-brief-on-female-genital-mutilationcutting-islamic-relief-2016/Thu, 21 Apr 2016 09:54:16 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/one-cut-too-many-policy-brief-on-female-genital-mutilationcutting-islamic-relief-2016/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/presentation-medicalisation-of-fgm-2016-arabic/Thu, 21 Apr 2016 09:20:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/presentation-medicalisation-of-fgm-2016-arabic/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/presentation-medicalisation-of-fgm-2016-french/Thu, 21 Apr 2016 09:18:54 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/presentation-medicalisation-of-fgm-2016-french/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/presentation-medicalisation-of-fgm-2016-english/Wed, 20 Apr 2016 18:09:00 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/presentation-medicalisation-of-fgm-2016-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/safeguarding-guide-for-health-professionals-nhs-2016/Wed, 20 Apr 2016 17:45:23 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/safeguarding-guide-for-health-professionals-nhs-2016/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/who-guidelines-on-the-management-of-health-complications-from-fgm-who-2016/Wed, 20 Apr 2016 17:43:52 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/who-guidelines-on-the-management-of-health-complications-from-fgm-who-2016/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/ngo-call-to-action-medicalisation-of-fgm-2016/Wed, 20 Apr 2016 17:23:49 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/ngo-call-to-action-medicalisation-of-fgm-2016/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/government-call-to-action-medicalisation-of-fgm-2016-1/Wed, 20 Apr 2016 17:20:01 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/government-call-to-action-medicalisation-of-fgm-2016-1/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/summary-medicalisation-of-fgm-2016/Wed, 20 Apr 2016 17:08:22 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/summary-medicalisation-of-fgm-2016/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-medicalisation-of-fgm-2016-arabic/Wed, 20 Apr 2016 17:06:28 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-medicalisation-of-fgm-2016-arabic/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-medicalisation-of-fgm-2016-french/Wed, 20 Apr 2016 17:02:30 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-medicalisation-of-fgm-2016-french/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-medicalisation-of-fgm-2016-english/Wed, 20 Apr 2016 16:52:13 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-medicalisation-of-fgm-2016-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-fgm-in-nigeria-2016/Tue, 19 Apr 2016 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-fgm-in-nigeria-2016/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-fgm-in-nigeria-2016/Tue, 19 Apr 2016 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-fgm-in-nigeria-2016/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-nigeria-2016/Tue, 19 Apr 2016 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-nigeria-2016/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-kenya-february-2016/Tue, 19 Apr 2016 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-kenya-february-2016/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-cote-divoire-2016-english/Tue, 19 Apr 2016 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-cote-divoire-2016-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgm-in-cote-divoire-2016-english/Tue, 19 Apr 2016 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgm-in-cote-divoire-2016-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-egypt-february-2016/Tue, 19 Apr 2016 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-egypt-february-2016/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-liberia-february-2016/Tue, 19 Apr 2016 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-liberia-february-2016/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-sudan-august-2016/Tue, 19 Apr 2016 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-sudan-august-2016/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-tanzania-2015-2016/Tue, 19 Apr 2016 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-tanzania-2015-2016/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-graph-fgm-in-tanzania-2015-2016/Tue, 19 Apr 2016 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-graph-fgm-in-tanzania-2015-2016/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-uganda-2016/Tue, 19 Apr 2016 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-uganda-2016/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-the-gambia-february-2016/Tue, 19 Apr 2016 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-the-gambia-february-2016/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/presentation-fgm-in-nigeria-2016/Tue, 19 Apr 2016 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/presentation-fgm-in-nigeria-2016/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-girl-generation-country-briefing-2016-1/Tue, 19 Apr 2016 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-girl-generation-country-briefing-2016-1/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/actionaid-fgm-baseline-report-2016/The research aims to provide the baseline for the 4-year project (2015-2018), Empowering communities to collectively abandon FGM/C in Somaliland, implemented by ActionAid International Somaliland (AAIS) in partnership with Women Action for Advocacy & Progress Organization (WAAPO) and Somaliland Women Development Association (SOWDA). The research took place in 25 communities in two regions of Somaliland, Maroodi Jeex and Togdheer, involving 2,132 participants, including women, men, boys, girls, religious leaders, health workers, teachers, law enforcers, community leaders, parliamentarians, civil society organizations, and national and international agencies. The research found that the overall prevalence rate among community women in Maroodi Jeex and Togdheer remains high at 99.4%, with 80% having undergone the pharaonic cut. The reasons for cutting to continue are deeply embedded cultural practices, closely linked to proof of virginity for marriage and Islamic law. There is a strong expectation in communities for girls to be cut, which is felt more strongly among women than men. The majority of community members intend to cut their daughters in the future, with women intending to select a less severe cut than they perceive the community expects them to use. Decision-making in relation to female cutting is primarily the responsibility of women, with women facing difficult decisions, wanting their daughters to be socially acceptable and able to marry, yet also wanting them not to suffer the kinds of health complications experienced by themselves and other women in their community. Men and boys are only involved in the decision-making process in 8% of households, but they are influential in creating the social climate within which decision-making about cutting takes place. All forms of female genital cutting are legal in Somaliland, although FGM/C is identified as a harmful practice in the Gender Policy (2009) and the National Youth Policy (2010-2015). The government is committed to developing FGM/C policy and establishing a sound legal framework based on Zero Tolerance. However, the Ministry for Religious Affairs (MoRA) supports the continuation of the sunna cut, which is slowing the process of policy development and legislative enactment on FGM/C. There is clear evidence of a desire for change in relation to FGM/C among all stakeholder groups, including religious leaders, MoRA, and senior clerics. Only 18% of community members would like to maintain the existing situation in their community, leaving 82% of community members interested in supporting change. The research suggests that changing cultural practices and social norms around FGM/C is a complex and long-term process that requires multi-stakeholder engagement and involvement, addressing the root causes, and promoting gender equality and human rights.NEWELL-JONES KatyTue, 19 Apr 2016 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/actionaid-fgm-baseline-report-2016/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-ethiopia-2016-amharic/Tue, 19 Apr 2016 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-ethiopia-2016-amharic/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/a-baseline-study-on-child-marriage-teenage-pregnancy-and-fgm-in-kenya-yes-i-do-2016/A Baseline Study on Child Marriage, Teenage Pregnancy and FGM in Kenya (YES I DO, 2016)Tue, 19 Apr 2016 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/a-baseline-study-on-child-marriage-teenage-pregnancy-and-fgm-in-kenya-yes-i-do-2016/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-cote-divoire-2016-french/Tue, 19 Apr 2016 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-cote-divoire-2016-french/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/now-girls-know-their-rights-forward-2016/Tue, 19 Apr 2016 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/now-girls-know-their-rights-forward-2016/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-country-profile-fgm-in-yemen-february-2016/Tue, 19 Apr 2016 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-country-profile-fgm-in-yemen-february-2016/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/fgm-in-usa-public-health-reports-2012/Objectives: In 1996, the U.S. Congress passed legislation making female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) illegal in the United States. CDC published the first estimates of the number of women and girls at risk for FGM/C in 1997. Since 2012, various constituencies have again raised concerns about the practice in the United States. We updated an earlier estimate of the number of women and girls in the United States who were at risk for FGM/C or its consequences.Methods: We estimated the number of women and girls who were at risk for undergoing FGM/C or its consequences in 2012 by applying country-specific prevalence of FGM/C to the estimated number of women and girls living in the United States who were born in that country or who lived with a parent born in that country.Results: Approximately 513,000 women and girls in the United States wereat risk for FGM/C or its consequences in 2012, which was more than three times higher than the earlier estimate, based on 1990 data. The increase in the number of women and girls younger than 18 years of age at risk for FGM/C was more than four times that of previous estimates.Conclusion: The estimated increase was wholly a result of rapid growth in the number of immigrants from FGM/C-practicing countries living in the United States and not from increases in FGM/C prevalence in those countries. Scientifically valid information regarding whether women or their daughters have actually undergone FGM/C and related information that can contribute to efforts to prevent the practice in the United States and provide needed health services to women who have undergone FGM/C are needed.GOLDBERG HowardTue, 19 Apr 2016 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/fgm-in-usa-public-health-reports-2012/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgc-in-indonesia-islamic-relief/Tue, 19 Apr 2016 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgc-in-indonesia-islamic-relief/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/an-inquiry-into-the-existence-of-fgm-in-syria-pharos-2016/Tue, 19 Apr 2016 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/an-inquiry-into-the-existence-of-fgm-in-syria-pharos-2016/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/survey-on-religious-views-on-fgm-in-iran-mahmoodi/The Hamraz counseling center of Javanrood (Iran) conducted a research project “Study on Religious leaders’ (Mullahs) Attitudes and Views on FGM”. The objectives were considered to be best achieved through a survey approach using a self-completion questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed and comprised of 7 questions that explored mullah’s knowledge and attitudes towards FGM. A total of 81 questionnaires were completed. Analysis of the data was undertaken using SPSS Version 18.0 descriptive statistics including frequency, table and percentages were compiled. Content analysis for free response qualitative data was also undertaken using Microsoft Word software. The survey was undertaken during the period of May to July 2016. After inviting 300 Mullahs1 to answer questions, a total of 81 religious leaders (mullah) participated in the questionnaire survey. All of the Mullahs were living in Kermanshah province. 21 mullahs were female and 60 were male. Mean age of female mullahs were 35 and mean age of male mullahs were 56. The results show that FGM is still justified by a majority of mullahs in Kermansheh province as a religious deed. Only a small minority of 4% says that it is not an Islamic practice (not Sunna). The vast majority believes that it is Islamic.MAHMOODI OsmanTue, 19 Apr 2016 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/survey-on-religious-views-on-fgm-in-iran-mahmoodi/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-stages-of-female-circumcision-practice-among-meranaos-living-in-the-rural-and-marginalized-areas-in-lanao/AbstractFemale circumcision (FC) is a literal translation from the Meranao term “Turi” which 6refers to several traditional procedures that involve injuring women genitals. This cultural practice has long been treated a critical women health concern by the World Health Organization and other national and international health organizations due to its dangerous effect to physical and mental implications. This study intends to explore the different stages of female circumcision among Meranaos, the prevalence rate of this practice and the stand of religious leaders on FC. This study utilized a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods using a specially designed questionnaire, interview and focused group discussions with the 30 “Manunuris” (the one who perform FC) and 30 religious leaders as respondents. The results showed that there are three stages of FC. The first stage is done during childhood that is preferably the girl is below ten years tice of age. The second stage is done once the girl turned to be a woman and still in the early marriage of her life. And the last stage is during late adulthood when the woman reaches 50 years old and above. The religious leaders confirmed that the verse in the Hadith (teachings of Prophet Mohammed PBUH) concerning circumcision is not clear and inconclusive and expressed their agreement in the eradication of this practice. The prevalence rate of this practice is indeed high in the rural areas, which is 86%. In conclusion, each stage has meanings and is symbolic among the respondents. The reasons of following this vary from cultural to religious basis though the common viewpoint is the prevention of committing immorality. FC is still rampantly performed in the different rural areas of Lanao del Sur, Philippines.BASHER Salmah LaoFri, 01 Jan 2016 22:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/the-stages-of-female-circumcision-practice-among-meranaos-living-in-the-rural-and-marginalized-areas-in-lanao/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-and-the-sustainable-development-goals-28-too-many/Sat, 25 Apr 2015 13:39:30 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-and-the-sustainable-development-goals-28-too-many/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/28-too-many-factsheet-strategies-to-end-fgm/Fri, 24 Apr 2015 14:24:44 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/28-too-many-factsheet-strategies-to-end-fgm/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/global-goals-a-summary-of-the-sdgs/Thu, 23 Apr 2015 08:23:33 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/global-goals-a-summary-of-the-sdgs/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/focus-on-families-and-culture-grandmother-project-2015/Thu, 23 Apr 2015 06:49:25 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/focus-on-families-and-culture-grandmother-project-2015/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/what-are-social-norms-unicef-university-of-california-2015/Thu, 23 Apr 2015 06:47:18 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/what-are-social-norms-unicef-university-of-california-2015/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/religion-womens-health-and-rights-unfpa-norad-2015/Tue, 21 Apr 2015 10:26:49 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/religion-womens-health-and-rights-unfpa-norad-2015/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-fgm-in-burkina-faso-2015-english/Sun, 19 Apr 2015 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-fgm-in-burkina-faso-2015-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-burkina-faso-2015-french/Sun, 19 Apr 2015 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-burkina-faso-2015-french/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-fgm-in-burkina-faso-2015-english/Sun, 19 Apr 2015 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-fgm-in-burkina-faso-2015-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-fgm-in-burkina-faso-2015-french/Sun, 19 Apr 2015 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-fgm-in-burkina-faso-2015-french/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-chad-2014-2015-english/Sun, 19 Apr 2015 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-chad-2014-2015-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-egypt-2015-english/Sun, 19 Apr 2015 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-egypt-2015-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-fgm-in-senegal-2015/Sun, 19 Apr 2015 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-fgm-in-senegal-2015/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-fgm-in-senegal-2015-english/Sun, 19 Apr 2015 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-fgm-in-senegal-2015-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-fgm-in-senegal-2015-french/Sun, 19 Apr 2015 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/executive-summary-fgm-in-senegal-2015-french/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-fgm-in-the-gambia-2015/Sun, 19 Apr 2015 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-fgm-in-the-gambia-2015/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-burkina-faso-2015-english/Sun, 19 Apr 2015 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-burkina-faso-2015-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/situation-assessment-of-children-and-women-in-south-sudan-unicef-2015/Sun, 19 Apr 2015 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/situation-assessment-of-children-and-women-in-south-sudan-unicef-2015/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-egypt-2015-arabic/Sun, 19 Apr 2015 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-egypt-2015-arabic/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-chad-2014-2015-french/Sun, 19 Apr 2015 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-chad-2014-2015-french/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-south-sudan/Sun, 19 Apr 2015 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-south-sudan/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-chad-2014-2015-arabic/Sun, 19 Apr 2015 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-chad-2014-2015-arabic/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-yemen-2015-arabic/Sun, 19 Apr 2015 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-yemen-2015-arabic/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgm-in-yemen-2015-arabic/Sun, 19 Apr 2015 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgm-in-yemen-2015-arabic/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/a-comprehensive-research-study-on-fgmc-in-iran-kameel-ahmady-2015/This comprehensive study investigates, explores, and analyses the existence of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) in Iran. FGM is prevalence in four West Azerbaijan, provinces of Kurdistan, Kermanshah, and Hormozgan. FGM is a longstanding ritual which continues to violate aspects of women’s sexual rights. It prevails in societies because of certain beliefs, norms, attitudes, and political and economic systems. While there is some data available on FGM in Iran, it is limited in scope. The aim of this study is to provide in-depth data on FGM in Iran and, at the same time, provide the building blocks for a comprehensive programme to combat FGM in Iran and bring this issue onto the world’s agenda. The communities will benefit from recommendations of this study and for the first time government, individuals, and other NGOs will have access to updated authentic large amount of data about the existence of FGM/C in Iran. The findings of this study will also contribute to two larger perspectives. Firstly, it will work as a baseline for future studies and research in Iran which is required; secondly, it will help increase awareness about the presence of FGM/C in Iran. On a broader scale, it will also refute the longstanding belief that Africa is the only continent where FGM takes place the same time provide enough evidence so FGM never to be denied again. The exposure to this fact will assist Iranian society, children right lobby and international organizations in starting a dialogue with the relevant stakeholders in Iran to help address and combat FGM in Iran.AHMADY KameelSun, 19 Apr 2015 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/a-comprehensive-research-study-on-fgmc-in-iran-kameel-ahmady-2015/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-circumcision-in-multicultural-singapore-the-hidden-cut/In recent years discussion about female genital mutilation (FGM) has expanded and the UN has recently called for a universal ban of the practice. The practice in Southeast Asia is widespread among Malay Muslims and, although different styles and practices exist, procedures conducted in medical clinics are extremely minor and, according to gynaecological research, have no effect on sexuality due to the clitoris being left totally untouched. One of the states in which Malay Muslims maintain such a tradition is Singapore. Nonetheless, Singapore is rarely mentioned in academic studies or even in reports discussing the ritual. Even inside Singapore, only Malays tend to know of the tradition, while other ethnic groups remain oblivious to the fact that Singapore is among the states that allow such an operation. The present article does not discuss FGM per se and avoids contributing to the diatribe about labels and values, although these are, of course, extremely relevant. Instead it focuses on the reasons for the practice remaining hidden and undiscussed in Singapore, so much so that some respondents did not know that they had been circumcised.MARRANCI GabrieleThu, 01 Jan 2015 22:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-circumcision-in-multicultural-singapore-the-hidden-cut/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/implementation-of-the-international-and-regional-human-rights-framework-for-the-elimination-of-fgm-unfpa/Fri, 25 Apr 2014 13:36:10 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/implementation-of-the-international-and-regional-human-rights-framework-for-the-elimination-of-fgm-unfpa/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/implementation-of-the-international-and-regional-human-rights-framework-for-the-elimination-of-fgm-unfpa-french/Fri, 25 Apr 2014 13:32:30 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/implementation-of-the-international-and-regional-human-rights-framework-for-the-elimination-of-fgm-unfpa-french/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-council-of-europe-convention-on-preventing-and-combating-violence-against-women-and-domestic-violence-2014/Fri, 25 Apr 2014 11:40:43 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-council-of-europe-convention-on-preventing-and-combating-violence-against-women-and-domestic-violence-2014/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-impact-of-emergency-situations-on-fgm-28-too-many-2014/Thu, 24 Apr 2014 14:11:48 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-impact-of-emergency-situations-on-fgm-28-too-many-2014/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-benin-2014-english/Sat, 19 Apr 2014 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-benin-2014-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgm-in-kenya-2014/Sat, 19 Apr 2014 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgm-in-kenya-2014/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-kenya-2014-english/Sat, 19 Apr 2014 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-kenya-2014-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgm-in-benin-2014/Sat, 19 Apr 2014 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgm-in-benin-2014/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-eritrea-july-2014/Sat, 19 Apr 2014 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-eritrea-july-2014/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-niger-july-2014/Sat, 19 Apr 2014 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-niger-july-2014/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-fgm-in-sierra-leone-2014/Sat, 19 Apr 2014 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-fgm-in-sierra-leone-2014/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-sudan-2014-english/Sat, 19 Apr 2014 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-sudan-2014-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-graph-fgm-in-sudan-2014/Sat, 19 Apr 2014 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-graph-fgm-in-sudan-2014/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-benin-2014-french/Sat, 19 Apr 2014 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-benin-2014-french/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-kenya-2014-swahili/Sat, 19 Apr 2014 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-kenya-2014-swahili/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-mali-executive-summary-2014-2020-english/Sat, 19 Apr 2014 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-mali-executive-summary-2014-2020-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-sudan-2014-arabic/Sat, 19 Apr 2014 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-sudan-2014-arabic/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-mali-executive-summary-2014-2020-french/Sat, 19 Apr 2014 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-mali-executive-summary-2014-2020-french/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/child-marriage-and-fgm-in-iran-sudwind-2014/Sat, 19 Apr 2014 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/child-marriage-and-fgm-in-iran-sudwind-2014/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgmc-in-benin-2014-french/Wed, 01 Jan 2014 06:00:00 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgmc-in-benin-2014-french/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-what-might-the-future-hold-unicef-2013/Wed, 24 Apr 2013 14:19:26 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgmc-what-might-the-future-hold-unicef-2013/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-a-statistical-snapshot-unicef-2013-arabic/Wed, 24 Apr 2013 14:17:48 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-a-statistical-snapshot-unicef-2013-arabic/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-a-statistical-snapshot-unicef-2013-french/Wed, 24 Apr 2013 14:15:46 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-a-statistical-snapshot-unicef-2013-french/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-a-statistical-snapshot-unicef-2013/Wed, 24 Apr 2013 14:13:53 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-a-statistical-snapshot-unicef-2013/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/female-circumcision-between-the-incorrect-use-of-science-and-the-misunderstood-doctrine-iicp-unicef-2013/Sun, 21 Apr 2013 10:29:10 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/female-circumcision-between-the-incorrect-use-of-science-and-the-misunderstood-doctrine-iicp-unicef-2013/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-burkina-faso-december-2013/Fri, 19 Apr 2013 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-burkina-faso-december-2013/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-fgm-in-kenya-2013/Fri, 19 Apr 2013 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-fgm-in-kenya-2013/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-cameroon-december-2013/Fri, 19 Apr 2013 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-cameroon-december-2013/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-chad-december-2013/Fri, 19 Apr 2013 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-chad-december-2013/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-cote-divoire-december-2013/Fri, 19 Apr 2013 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-cote-divoire-december-2013/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-fgm-in-ethiopia-2013/Fri, 19 Apr 2013 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-fgm-in-ethiopia-2013/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-ethiopia-december-2013/Fri, 19 Apr 2013 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-ethiopia-december-2013/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-mali-december-2013/Fri, 19 Apr 2013 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/unicef-profile-fgm-in-mali-december-2013/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/working-to-end-fgmc-in-tanzania-the-role-and-response-of-the-church-tearfund-2013/Fri, 19 Apr 2013 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/working-to-end-fgmc-in-tanzania-the-role-and-response-of-the-church-tearfund-2013/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/summary-working-to-end-fgmc-in-tanzania-the-role-and-response-of-the-church-tearfund-2013-english/Fri, 19 Apr 2013 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/summary-working-to-end-fgmc-in-tanzania-the-role-and-response-of-the-church-tearfund-2013-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/summary-working-to-end-fgmc-in-tanzania-the-role-and-response-of-the-church-tearfund-2013-swahili/Fri, 19 Apr 2013 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/summary-working-to-end-fgmc-in-tanzania-the-role-and-response-of-the-church-tearfund-2013-swahili/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-fgm-in-uganda-2013/Fri, 19 Apr 2013 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/country-profile-fgm-in-uganda-2013/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/edna-adan-hospital-fgm-survey-edna-adan-foundation-2013/Edna Adan Hospital FGM Survey (Edna Adan Foundation, 2013)Fri, 19 Apr 2013 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/edna-adan-hospital-fgm-survey-edna-adan-foundation-2013/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-yemen-2013-english/Fri, 19 Apr 2013 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-yemen-2013-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgm-in-yemen-2013-english/Fri, 19 Apr 2013 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgm-in-yemen-2013-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/fgm-among-iraqi-kurdish-women-a-cross-sectional-study-from-erbil-city-bmc-public-health-2013/Background: Iraqi Kurdistan region is one of the areas where female genital mutilation is reportedly widely practiced but inadequately studied. The aim of this study was to determine (i) the prevalence of female genital mutilation among Muslim Kurdish women in Erbil city, (ii) the patterns and types of female genital mutilation, (iii) the factors associated with this practice and (iv) women’s knowledge and attitudes towards this practice. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the primary health care centers and the Maternity Teaching Hospital in Erbil city, involving 1987 women aged 15–49 years. Data were obtained about female genital mutilation status and knowledge and perception towards this practice. The participants were clinically examined to verify the self-reported female genital mutilation status. Results: The self-reported prevalence of female genital mutilation was 70.3%, while it was 58.6% according to clinical examination of the women’s genitalia. The most common type of female genital mutilation was type I (99.6%) and the most common age at which mutilation was performed was 4–7 years (60.2%). This practice was mostly performed by traditional birth attendants (72.5%). Only 6.4% of mutilated women reported having complications after mutilation, most commonly bleeding (3.6%). The practice was more reported among housewives (OR = 3.3), those women whose mothers were mutilated (OR = 15.1) or with unknown mutilation status (OR = 7.3) and those women whose fathers were illiterate (OR = 1.4) or could only read and write (OR = 1.6). The common reasons for practicing female genital mutilation were cultural tradition (46.7%) and dictate of religion (38.9%). Only 30% of the participants were aware about the health consequences of female genital mutilation. More than one third (36.6%) of the women support the practice and 34.5% have intention to mutilate their daughters. Conclusions: Prevalence of female genital mutilation among Muslim Kurdish women in Erbil city is very high; although, most cases are of type I. There is clear lack of knowledge about the health consequences of female genital mutilation and a relatively important segment of women support this practice. Custom or tradition and dictate of religion are the main reasons for this practice that need further in-depth exploration.YASIN Berivan A.Fri, 19 Apr 2013 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/fgm-among-iraqi-kurdish-women-a-cross-sectional-study-from-erbil-city-bmc-public-health-2013/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-ethiopia-executive-summary-2013-english/Fri, 19 Apr 2013 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-ethiopia-executive-summary-2013-english/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-uganda-2013/Fri, 19 Apr 2013 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/key-findings-fgm-in-uganda-2013/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-uganda-executive-summary-2013/Fri, 19 Apr 2013 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-uganda-executive-summary-2013/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/female-genital-mutilation-in-the-european-union-and-croatia-eige-2013/Fri, 19 Apr 2013 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/female-genital-mutilation-in-the-european-union-and-croatia-eige-2013/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/girls-and-grandmothers-hand-in-hand-grandmother-project-2012/Mon, 23 Apr 2012 06:50:56 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/girls-and-grandmothers-hand-in-hand-grandmother-project-2012/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-niger-2012-english/Thu, 19 Apr 2012 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-niger-2012-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-niger-2012-french/Thu, 19 Apr 2012 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-niger-2012-french/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-iraq-an-empirical-study-in-kirkuk-province-wadi-2012/Thu, 19 Apr 2012 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-iraq-an-empirical-study-in-kirkuk-province-wadi-2012/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/negotiating-female-genital-cutting-sunat-in-southern-thailand/This chapter examines the performance of a mild form of female genital cutting (fgc) in southern Thailand (locally called sunat) and its embeddedness in situational social and family dynamics where religious education, seniority, and gender play a pivotal role in making decisions. The goal of this chapter is to call the reader’s attention to the relevance of ethnographic investigation and microanalysis in detecting the existence of plural regional trends that need to be taken into account in planning public health policies. Analyzing selected case studies, this chapter will argue that in this region people following modernist, literalist interpretations of Islam usually reject the practice of fgc. Literalists pursue a direct reading and understanding of the scriptures rather than relying on the traditional interpretations of the Quran and hadiths offered by the major schools (madhhab) of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh). These individuals can resort to different strategies to resist the requirement to circumcise girls maintained by the local traditionalist Shafii Muslims (the Shafii madhhab is the Sunni school of fiqh followed by the majority of Muslims in Southeast Asia). The antagonism between different understandings of the practice manifests itself at times within a single family. Specifically, I will examine some of the dynamics I witnessed in Satun, a province of southern Thailand. Here, family dynamics are not isolated from the wider field of political and religious diversification, which has become almost palpable in the region in the last ten years, and should therefore be contextualized keeping in mind the increasing fragmentation of the Thai social and political cosmos. I will address issues that can provide valuable insights for government officials, health agencies, and nongovernmental organizations (ngos) when designing policies for gathering information about the actual practice of fgc and eradicating it.MERLI ClaudiaSun, 01 Jan 2012 22:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/negotiating-female-genital-cutting-sunat-in-southern-thailand/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-council-of-europe-convention-on-preventing-and-combating-violence-against-women-2011-french/Mon, 25 Apr 2011 10:52:32 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/the-council-of-europe-convention-on-preventing-and-combating-violence-against-women-2011-french/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgm-in-iraqi-kurdistan-2011-english/Tue, 19 Apr 2011 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgm-in-iraqi-kurdistan-2011-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgm-in-iraqi-kurdistan-2011-arabic/Tue, 19 Apr 2011 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgm-in-iraqi-kurdistan-2011-arabic/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/estimating-the-obstetric-costs-of-female-genital-mutilation-in-six-african-countries/Objective: To estimate the cost to the health system of obstetric complications due to female genital mutilation (FGM) in six African countries.Methods: A multistate model depicted six cohorts of 100 000 15-year-old girls who survived until the age of 45 years. Cohort members were modelled to have various degrees of FGM, to undergo childbirth according to each country’s mortality and fertility statistics, and to have medically attended deliveries at the frequency observed in the relevant country. The risk of obstetric complications was estimated based on a 2006 study of 28 393 women. The costs of each complication were estimated in purchasing power parity dollars (I$) for 2008 and discounted at 3%. The model also tracked life years lost owing to fatal obstetric haemorrhage. Multivariate sensitivity analysis was used to estimate the uncertainty around the findings.Findings: The annual costs of FGM-related obstetric complications in the six African countries studied amounted to I$ 3.7 million and ranged from 0.1 to 1% of government spending on health for women aged 15–45 years. In the current population of 2.8 million 15-year-old women in the six African countries, a loss of 130 000 life years is expected owing to FGM’s association with obstetric haemorrhage. This is equivalent to losing half a month from each lifespan.Conclusion: Beyond the immense psychological trauma it entails, FGM imposes large financial costs and loss of life. The cost of government efforts to prevent FGM will be offset by savings from preventing obstetric complications.BISHAI DavidSun, 09 May 2010 15:06:00 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/estimating-the-obstetric-costs-of-female-genital-mutilation-in-six-african-countries/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/dossier-of-claims-fidh-africa-for-womens-rights-2010/Sun, 25 Apr 2010 10:37:56 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/dossier-of-claims-fidh-africa-for-womens-rights-2010/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/global-strategy-to-stop-healthcare-providers-from-performing-fgm-who-2010-arabic/Tue, 20 Apr 2010 18:03:32 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/global-strategy-to-stop-healthcare-providers-from-performing-fgm-who-2010-arabic/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/global-strategy-to-stop-health-care-providers-from-performing-fgm-who-2010-english/Tue, 20 Apr 2010 17:50:00 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/global-strategy-to-stop-health-care-providers-from-performing-fgm-who-2010-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-burkina-faso-2010-english/Mon, 19 Apr 2010 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-burkina-faso-2010-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgm-in-burkina-faso-2010/Mon, 19 Apr 2010 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgm-in-burkina-faso-2010/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-eritrea-2010-english/Mon, 19 Apr 2010 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-eritrea-2010-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgm-in-eritrea-2010/Mon, 19 Apr 2010 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgm-in-eritrea-2010/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-burkina-faso-2010-french/Mon, 19 Apr 2010 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-burkina-faso-2010-french/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-eritrea-2010-arabic/Mon, 19 Apr 2010 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-eritrea-2010-arabic/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-iraqi-kurdistan-wadi-2010/Mon, 19 Apr 2010 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-iraqi-kurdistan-wadi-2010/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/male-and-female-genital-cutting-among-southern-thailands-muslims-rituals-biomedical-practice-and-local-discourses/AbstractThis paper explores how the local Muslims in a province in southern Thailand perceive the practice of male and female genital cutting. In order to understand the importance placed on these practices, a comparison is drawn between the two and also between the male circumcision and the Buddhist ordination of monks as rites of passage. Discourses on the exposure or concealment of male and female bodies respectively, witness to the relevance of both the local political-historical context and biomedical hegemony to gendered bodies. The comparisons evince the need to reflect upon the theoretical and ethical implications of studying genital cutting and focussing exclusively on one of the two practices rather than, as this paper claims to be necessary, considering them as inextricably connectedMERLI ClaudiaFri, 01 Jan 2010 22:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/male-and-female-genital-cutting-among-southern-thailands-muslims-rituals-biomedical-practice-and-local-discourses/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/protection-against-female-genital-mutilation-a-review-of-the-implementation-of-the-childrens-act-federation-of-women-lawyers-2009/Sun, 19 Apr 2009 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/protection-against-female-genital-mutilation-a-review-of-the-implementation-of-the-childrens-act-federation-of-women-lawyers-2009/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/muslim-women-and-circumcision-a-study-of-intergenerational-practice-and-its-continuity-in-southern-philippines/ABSTRACTThe study aimed to describe the factors that influenced the perceived functions and dysfunctions of the practice of female circumcision, and whether these functions affect its continuity among intergenerational Muslim women in Zamboanga City. The research design was exploratory in nature and utilized two sets of key informants; two religious leaders and 16 informants who were generally nonrelated mother-daughter sets. The mother group was older than the daughter group. The snowball technique was used to achieve the sample size and a face-to-face in-depth interview was used in gathering the data essential in the study. The study revealed that age at circumcision influenced the perceptions of the women in the practice of female circumcision and that low and middle income women tended to observe this practice. The perceived functions and dysfunctions were significantly found to have a symbiotic relationship that directly affected both the practice and its continuity. The study indicated that women‘s strong adherence to religion and social conformity were the factors that largely influenced their perceptions of female circumcision, making the practice highly symbolic and ritualistic. Practitioners of female circumcision were also a factor that influenced the practice and its continuity. The strict observance of segregation of sexes in the Muslim community provided the practitioner and the women an avenue in which the practice was easily handed down, carried out, and observed by three generations of women. There were four types of circumcision that emerged in this study as described and experienced by the women in Southern Mindanao. These were mild in form as compared to the ones practiced in some parts of the world. Suffice it to say that the Philippine‘s types of circumcision were more humane, depicting a somewhat harmonious marriage among religion, social and traditional practices.BELISARIO Olga Czarina VelayoThu, 01 Jan 2009 22:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/muslim-women-and-circumcision-a-study-of-intergenerational-practice-and-its-continuity-in-southern-philippines/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/eliminating-fgm-an-interagency-statement-who-2008-arabic/Wed, 23 Apr 2008 08:13:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/eliminating-fgm-an-interagency-statement-who-2008-arabic/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/eliminating-fgm-an-interagency-statement-who-2008-french/Wed, 23 Apr 2008 08:11:10 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/eliminating-fgm-an-interagency-statement-who-2008-french/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/eliminating-fgm-an-interagency-statement-who-2008-english/Wed, 23 Apr 2008 08:09:54 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/eliminating-fgm-an-interagency-statement-who-2008-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/delinking-female-genital-mutilation-cutting-from-islam-usaid-population-council-2008/Mon, 21 Apr 2008 10:30:51 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/delinking-female-genital-mutilation-cutting-from-islam-usaid-population-council-2008/Reportshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-circumcision-among-yakan-in-basilan-philippines/ABSTRACTFemale circumcision has been the source of enormous and bitter international controversy. It is always been viewed as a harmful and devastating procedure on women where it becomes a public health concern in several countries. This procedure in other nations had adverse health effects. In the Philippines, female circumcision is also being carried out by the Yakan tribe of Basilan. However, there had been no study describing the process of female circumcision among Yakan in Basilan. Thus, it is important to document this practice to enhance understanding of possible implications on the health of Yakan female that undergo such practice. This qualitative study was done to explore, and document the socio-cultural beliefs and practices regarding female circumcision among the Yakan tribe of Basilan, Philippines. Fourty-three respondents which consisted of three Kah Dayang (Person performing female circumcision), five religious leaders, five girls who were to undergo the practice, five male respondents and twenty-five females who already underwent female circumcision were included in the study. Observational approach, one on one in-depth interview and focus group discussion was utilized in the study. Descriptive analysis of the results was employed. Results showed that all respondents have common beliefs regarding female circumcision. Female circumcision beliefs include cleanliness reason, dignity, honor and religious duty. They also believe that this practice should be done because it is stated in the hadith (words of Mohammad S.A.W), written in one of the ayat (page) of the Holy Quran. Female circumcision for them is obligatory since it is sunnah(the way the prophet lived it) to practice it with the Holy Qur-an their basis. In performimg female circumcision, the Yakan tribe practiced the scraping technique using an unpointed knife. This technique employs scraping the labia majora until it becomes erythematous; assuring not to bleed the labia majora is obligatory for this group. A tawal (whispered prayer) is uttered to the child which marks the end of the practice. Results also showed that female circumcision in this area has no risk on mental health of the respondents. The impact of the practice to their mental health was advantageous since this people believe that being circumcised seemed to give worthwhile meaning to their lives. With regards to physical health, the dull tolerable pain which lasted for about an hour which was described by the 5 years old girls respondent after undergoing the practice was one of its consequences. Another was the erythematous labia majora which may lead to further vulvar inflammation and infection. The used of unsterilized unpointed knife could also imposed susceptibility to tetanus. Although this consequences were evident, respondents are still in favor of the practice mainly because of religious belief. They believe that female circumcision is written in the Holy Qur-an and obligatory thus Yakans as muslims are expected to respect and follow Allah's direct revelation in the Holy Qur-an regarding female circumcision.CALSALIN SittinurussamsiTue, 01 Apr 2008 21:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/female-circumcision-among-yakan-in-basilan-philippines/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/sunat-for-girls-in-southern-thailand-its-relation-to-traditional-midwifery-male-circumcision-and-other-obstetrical-practices/Among the Thai- and Malay-speaking Muslims living in southern Thailand, the traditional midwife (alternatively called mootamjae in Thai or bidan in Malay) performs a mild form of female genital cutting (FGC) on baby girls. This article is based on material collected in the Satun province, located on the Andaman coast, bordering on the Malaysian state of Perlis (once part of Kedah). People have different views of the practice: men question the cutting, considering it both un-Islamic and un-modern, whereas women generally support it. In evident contrast to this debate and to the privacy surrounding FGC ritual, a large public male circumcision ritual takes place once a year. Both practices are called sunat by the local people, distinguishing sunat perempuan for girls and sunat lelaki for boys. Both forms should be analysed with regard to the increasing medicalisation of birth, which while depriving bidan and women of their agency and authority, performs other forms of genital cutting in the delivery room, in the form of routine episiotomies, strongly opposed by local women.MERLI ClaudiaTue, 01 Jan 2008 22:38:17 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/academic_repository/sunat-for-girls-in-southern-thailand-its-relation-to-traditional-midwifery-male-circumcision-and-other-obstetrical-practices/Articleshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-djibouti-2007-english/Thu, 19 Apr 2007 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-djibouti-2007-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgm-in-djibouti-2007/Thu, 19 Apr 2007 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-trends-by-age-fgm-in-djibouti-2007/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-djibouti-2007-french/Thu, 19 Apr 2007 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-djibouti-2007-french/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-djibouti-2007-arabic/Thu, 19 Apr 2007 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-djibouti-2007-arabic/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/dialogue-between-generations-grandmother-project-2006/Sun, 23 Apr 2006 06:52:18 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/dialogue-between-generations-grandmother-project-2006/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/world-bank-fgmc-in-somalia-2006/Wed, 19 Apr 2006 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/world-bank-fgmc-in-somalia-2006/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/declaration-on-the-terminology-fgm-inter-african-committee-2005/Sat, 23 Apr 2005 08:14:15 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/declaration-on-the-terminology-fgm-inter-african-committee-2005/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-cameroon-2004-english/Mon, 19 Apr 2004 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-cameroon-2004-english/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-cameroon-2004-french/Mon, 19 Apr 2004 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/prevalence-map-fgm-in-cameroon-2004-french/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/council-of-europe-guide-to-combating-fgm-and-forced-marriage-2002/Thu, 25 Apr 2002 10:26:42 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/council-of-europe-guide-to-combating-fgm-and-forced-marriage-2002/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/training-for-nurses-and-midwives-who-2001/Fri, 20 Apr 2001 18:06:20 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/training-for-nurses-and-midwives-who-2001/Resourceshttps://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-canada-the-canadian-womens-health-network-1/Mon, 19 Apr 1999 13:05:37 +0000https://www.fgmcri.org/resource/fgm-in-canada-the-canadian-womens-health-network-1/Resources